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Evolutionary trajectories are deemed largely irreversible. In a newly diverged protein, reversion of mutations that led to the functional switch typically results in loss of both the new and the ancestral functions. Nonetheless, evolutionary transitions where reversions are viable have also been described. The structural and mechanistic causes of reversion compatibility versus incompatibility ther
Joint diagonalization of collections of matrices, i.e. the problem of finding a joint set of approximate eigenvectors, is an important problem that appears in many applicative contexts. It is commonly formulated as finding the minimizer, over the set of all possible bases, for a certain non-convex functional that measures the size of off-diagonal elements. Many approaches have been studied in the
Consumption of part of own-produced food is regarded as a sustainable approach to attaining dietary diversity and a pathway to improved food and nutrition security. However, empirical evidence on the relationship between production diversity and dietary diversity is inconclusive, with some studies demonstrating a positive relationship while others reveal conflicting results. Furthermore, this rela
The exceptional polymorphism observed within genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a core component of the vertebrate immune system, has long fascinated biologists. The highly polymorphic classical MHC class-I (MHC-I) genes are maintained by pathogen-mediated balancing selection (PMBS), as shown by many sites subject to positive selection, while the more monomorphic non-classical MH
The private garden is one of the most important sites for people’s everyday interactions with nature. Although sometimes just consisting of a lawn, a few shrubs and maybe a flower bed, it provides a number of situations where the owner has to reflect on and handle biodiversity and sustainability issues in relation to modern lifestyle. This paper will discuss different aspects of sustainability in
Slope failure has resulted in significant disruption to the Scottish road network in recent years and failure processes are widely considered to pose a very real risk to both infrastructure and road users. The manifestation of proposed regional climate variations could increase the hazard posed by landslide and debris flow activity within upland environments. It is therefore in the interests of de
Spatial and temporal variations in malaria transmission are naturally associated with prevailing climatic and environmental factors, for example rainfall, humidity, temperature and human activities. These factors influence malaria transmission mainly in non-deterministic ways, making them less appropriate for accurate geographical mapping of malaria risk. One distinctive phenomenon, ‘photosyntheti
Popular Summary Native forests are one of the most important natural resources in Chile and cover 13.6 million ha in Chile (18% of the country area). These forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services but have been negatively affected by drastic land-use changes. Taking into account that future climate and land-use changes will affect these ecosystems, it is important to have efficient tools
This thesis examines the nature of the capitalist mode of production and begins with the contention that it necessarily produces unjust outcomes do to its economic mandates and corresponding organization of social relationships. More specifically, this thesis will investigate the processes through which the capitalistic mode of production reproduces itself. An understanding of these processes allo
This paper examines whether monetary autonomy can explain the divergence in macroeconomic performance between Euro and Non-Euro countries across the OECD since 2007. The paper also provides a short overview on the gold standard literature. Historical, empirical, and theoretical accounts of the Great Depression have mainly revealed that the economic downturn in the 1930s was largely of monetary nat
In this thesis, the value of the two composed financial products (structured products), sprinters and auto-calls, are studied and compared to the European call option. The study is preformed using both analytical and numerical solutions, where the underlying is either said to follow a GBM-process (Geometric Brownian Motion) or a GARCH-process (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic
The focus of this report is flexible work forms defined as; broad and variating work, with a high degree off autonomy, participation, responsibility and freedom to organize the work process, and the opportunity to obtain personal and professional development. The aim of the report is to obtain a greater understanding of what impact flexible work forms has on the well being of the individual partic
Denna uppsats undersöker budplikten på den svenska aktiemarknaden ur ett rättsekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet är dels att undersöka om de svenska budpliktsreglerna tillämpas syftesenligt, dels om budplikten är lämplig på den svenska aktiemarknaden ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv, vilket kompletteras med en argumentation de lege ferenda. Rättsekonomisk litteratur om offentliga uppköpserbjudanden presenThis thesis examines the Swedish mandatory bid rule from a law and economics perspective. The purpose is to study whether or not the rule is applied in a way that satisfies its purposes, and if it is suitable for the Swedish market, which is complemented by an argumentation de lege ferenda. Law and economics literature on takeovers is reviewed to serve as perspective for the thesis. The question
During the last few decades, satellite remote sensing has proven to be an important non-invasive method for archaeological research in order to detect ancient sites and manage existing ones. Archaeologists have tried in the recent past to embed Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and image processing techniques in their research as non-destructive approaches, which can allow a wider perception o
Begreppet rättssäkerhet används ofta både inom och utom den rättsvetenskapliga sfären. Eftersom man inte sällan möter det i den allmänna debatten i Sverige, syftar den här uppsatsen till att undersöka om begreppet i det sammanhanget används i samma betydelse som inom rättsvetenskapen. Undersökningen tar avstamp i vad framstående svenska rättsvetare har uttryckt ifråga om att definiera begreppet rThe Swedish equivalent of the term “the rule of law”, namely “rättssäkerhet”, is widely used both within and outside of the sphere of legal research. Since it is often seen in the Swedish public debate, this essay aims to examine whether the term is used in the same denotation in this context, as it is within the context of legal studies. This examination starts off by compiling and collating wha
At Hagforstvätten a dry-cleaning facility operated 1970 – 1993 and leached huge amounts of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to soil and groundwater. This study was conducted at the contaminated site and focused on applying the geophysical methods Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Induced Polarization (IP) to investigate if it was possible to locate source zone, degradation zones and groundwater p
The study presents a critical analysis of unequal social geographies in the city of Tehran. It aims to identify degrees of access to different aspects of social reproduction with particular attention to the worse-off districts. The issue of unevenness in Tehran has been discussed by Iranian economists and geographers criticizing bad policies, undemocratic state, and corruption. However, political
Access to clean water for drinking and sanitation is a human right. Today water scarcity is a large problem and inequality in access to safe water is a striking truth. In Mozambique, the US foreign aid agency Millennium Challenge Corporation introduced the Rural Water Point Installation Program to increase access to safe water and sanitation – a step towards reducing poverty. 600 water points – in
