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In my paper I have emanated from the question when a refusal to deal by an undertaking in a dominant position constitutes an abuse according to article 82 EC Treaty. Article 82 of The Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed in Rome 1957, incorporating the changes made by the Treaty of Amsterdam on 2 October 1997, OJ 1997 C340, pp. 173-308, hereafter referred
Buildings account for 40% of energy use and about one third of CO2 emissions in the EU. The huge energy saving potentials offered by the building sector has been targeted by a large number of policy instruments. To improve policy intervention in this area, more information on the extent to which the applied policy instruments are supporting the development and dissemination of different types of e
I och med införandet av Sällskapsdirektivet (2014/26/EU) lyckades EU:s arbete med att harmonisera området för kollektiv rättighetsförvaltning. Den nya digitala miljön hade skapat ett större behov för EU att reglera området och bidra till att alla medlemsstater utgår från samma regler. Tidigare hade organisationernas förvaltning sett annorlunda ut eftersom det saknades en harmoniserad reglering. DiWith the introduction of the Collective Rights Management Directive (2014/26/EU), the EU's efforts to harmonize the area of collective rights management succeeded. The new digital environment had created a greater need for the EU to regulate the area and to contribute to all Member States based on the same rules. In the past, the management of the organizations had looked different because the
One of the target goals for sustainable development is the reduction of maternal mortality, which is a big health issue in some countries. Even if the research on maternal health care has come far and with the right expertise and supplies, almost all maternal deaths would be preventable. A working force to reduce the issues within maternal mortality in many countries are non-governmental organizat
This paper evaluates the impact of state visits on export flows and the specific role of the head of state based on the five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. We construct a complete and comprehensive dataset containing all outgoing state visits from the Nordic countries between 1973 and 2022. Our main empirical strategy is to apply a difference-in differences (DiD)
Information and communication technology has emerged significantly over the past two decades. The ever-growing trade and monetization of digital encounters are likely to extend technology even more in the upcoming decades. Recent technological developments have brought various advantages worldwide, such as effective communication, increased production, and artificial intelligence, which can solve
Sammanfattning: Många verksamheter använder karttjänster för att lösa problem och underlätta beslutsfattande. Allt fler upptäcker fördelarna med detta och integrerar karttjänster i verksamhetssystem. Dessa tjänster utvecklas från grundläggande karttjänster som kan ha betydande skillnader mellan sig vilket gör valet av tjänst till en viktig fråga. Eftersom karttjänsterna är olika och uppbyggda av eSummary: Many organizations use map services in their daily work to solve problems and enhance decision making processes. The number of organizations who enjoy the benefits of map services and integrate them into their system is increasing. To choose a certain map service is an important decision since the differences between them can be significant. The service is dependent on many minor componen
The majority of approaches for mass appraisal are based on global statistical models that take into account property characteristics, and, in developing countries, location variables are not often explicitly considered. The present study uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as an analytical tool to develop a number of location variables and to analyze their impact in the value of properties.
A discussion on whether different national interpretations sit comfortably with the rationale for the uniform Court of Justice term "worker" and whether this situation can be justified in the light of the potential unlevelling of the internal market and Article 30 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
This thesis looks at the issues of land grabbing and climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Taking the situations of small-scale farmers – the dominant group of people population-wise and producers of 90 percent of the subcontinent’s food – as its focus, it also looks at how climate change might make land grabbing worse. It is argued that climate change will do so because of: decreased agricultural
The problems of neutrino masses, matter-antimatter asymmetry, and dark matter could be successfully addressed by postulating right-handed neutrinos with Majorana masses below the electroweak scale. In this work, leptonic decays of W bosons extracted from 32.9 fb−1 to 36.1 fb−1 of 13 TeV proton–proton collisions at the LHC are used to search for heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) that are produced throug
Background: A long-term prospective observational safety study is essential to characterize fully the safety profile of systemic immunomodulating therapies for patients with atopic eczema. The TREatment of ATopic eczema (TREAT) Registry Taskforce offers a large platform to conduct such research using national registries that collect the same data using a predefined core dataset. Objectives: To pre
Non-endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a rare germinal centre B-cell-derived malignancy with the genetic hallmark of MYC gene translocation and with rapid tumour growth as a distinct clinical feature. To investigate treatment outcomes, loss of lifetime and relapse risk in adult BL patients treated with intensive immunochemotherapy, retrospective clinic-based and population-based lymphoma registries
Background: About 20% of patients with colorectal cancer have liver metastases at the time of diagnosis, and surgical resection offers a chance for cure. The aim of the present study was to compare outcomes for patients that underwent simultaneous resection to those that underwent a staged procedure with the bowel-first (classical) strategy by using information from two national registries in Swed
The United Arab Emirates National Diabetes and Lifestyle Study (UAEDIAB) has identified obesity, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia as common phenotypic characteristics correlated with diabetes mellitus status. As these phenotypes are usually linked with genetic variants, we hypothesized that these phenotypes share single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-clusters that can be used
BACKGROUND: One-year mortality after hip-fracture is a widely used outcome measure when comparing hospital care performance. However, traditional analyses do not explicitly consider the referral of patients to municipality care after just a few days of hospitalization. Furthermore, traditional analyses investigates hospital (or municipality) variation in patient outcomes in isolation rather than a
