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I syfte att upptäcka eventuella biverkningar genomför läkemedelsbolag kliniska prövningar innan de introducerar ett nytt läkemedel på marknaden. Detta till trots är det ofta svårt att få en fullständig bild av läkemedlets säkerhetsprofil innan marknadsintroduktionen. Av denna anledning har läkemedelsbolagen ålagts en skyldighet att rapportera misstänkta biverkningar inom ramen för deras säkerhetsöIn order to detect potential adverse drug reactions, pharmaceutical companies con-duct clinical trials before they introduce a new drug on the market. However, it is often difficult to get the complete picture of a drug's safety profile prior to its marketing. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies have an obligation to report adverse events as part of their pharmacovigilance duties. Alongside

Skattetillägg och sanktion för skattebrott är två sanktioner som båda riktar sig mot att bestraffa lämnandet av oriktig uppgift. De senaste åren har reglerna sprakat en debatt kring om de var förenliga med dubbelbestraffningsförbudet i EKMR och EU:s rättighetsstadga sedan praxis från Europadomstolen förändrades genom Zolotukhin-målet från 2009. I Sverige behandlade HD frågan i NJA 2010 s. 168 I Both tax surcharge and the sanction for tax crime aim to punish those who leave incorrect tax information. During the last couple of years, these rules have started a debate regarding their compatibility with European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and specifically the prohibition against dual criminality. The reason behind this is that the

I uppsatsen utreds under vilka förutsättningar en styrelseledamot i ett aktiemarknadsbolag kan bli ansvarig för felaktig eller vilseledande börsinformation till värdepappersmarknaden. Korrekt informationsgivning från aktiemarknadsbolag till värdepappersmarknaden är väsentligt för att upprätthålla förtroendet från både enskilda investerare och från allmänheten. Reglerna syftar även till att skydda In this paper I examine under which conditions a director of a publicly listed corporation can be held responsible for incorrect or misleading disclosure on the securities market. Proper disclosure from publicly listed corporations to the securities market is essential for the sake of maintaining the trust from both investors and the general public. The regulation also aims to protect investors by

High levels of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon can affect odor, taste, color and chemical oxygen demand of distributed drinking water as a consequence of bacterial growth (Frias et al, 1995; Escobar, I.C. and Randall, A.A., 2001). The water industry would be able to improve the quality of distributed drinking water if spatial and temporal variations of BDOC could be mapped in the distributi

Tack vare solen och geotermisk värme har marken två naturliga källor till värmeenergi, och p.g.a. trögheten att ändra temperatur har marken en jämnare temperaturvariation än luften. Detta är gynnsamt för den som vill utnyttja geoenergi. Detta är en förnyelsebar energikälla som fått allt mer uppmärksamhet på marknaden de senaste åren. Under begreppet förnyelsebar geoenergi ligger två olika metoder;Because of the sun and geothermal heat the ground has two natural recourses for heat energy, and since the ground changes temperature slower than the air it has a more even temperature fluctuation. This is positive for the use of geothermal energy which is a renewable method that has been given more attention lately due to it positive environmental effects. The term renewable geothermal energy in

Genom Europakonventionen och regeringsformen tillförsäkras den enskilde ett flertal rättigheter. Varje medborgare åtnjuter bland annat skydd till frihet och personlig säkerhet samt till privat och familjeliv, sitt hem och sin korrespondens. Dessa friheter får begränsas genom lag under förutsättning att begränsningen tillgodoser ändamål som är godtagbara i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Att utreda brotThe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and the Swedish constitution guarantee everyone a number of civil rights. Every citizen has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. These rights may be limited by law, presumed that these limitations have a righteous purpose in a democratic society. Investigating crimes

One of the cleanest ways of transporting goods is at sea. However, the emissions from ships increase and with a wider knowledge about the environmental consequences caused by the emissions, requisite regulations are needed. This thesis deals with air emissions of sulphate (SOx) - and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These emissions cause negative environmental effects both by direct pollution and by forming

The aim of this study is to examine whether there exists a right of humanitarian intervention in customary international law. The point of departure is the principle of non-use of force in customary international law. The International Court of Justice established in the Nicaragua Case that the principle of non-use of force not only is a jus cogens norm, but that it also has the basic identity of

In October 2017, the EU Commission announced a consultation on supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) and research exemptions, including Bolar-type provisions. The consultation will provide valuable input for the Commission when preparing an evaluation of the current EU legislation, and any future policy proposals on SPCs and patent exemptions, including the assessment of the impact of diffe

Coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light sources are necessary for the investigation of physical processes in the natural length and time scales of atoms. These experiments require a high degree of control of the coherent XUV light. The optical components and techniques, which are available for visible and infrared light, unfortunately cannot be used for controlling XUV light. In this thesis, nove

Internal combustion engines have been the most used engine design when it comes to vehicle propulsion and transportation. But as the number of vehicles increase, new problems arise as well. Engine emissions such as carbon dioxide that has an effect on a global scale and other harmful emissions that affect on a local scale such as soot and nitrogen oxides are on the rise, forcing the countries to t

In order to combat the effects of climate change, it is important to use a combination of solutions to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible. Carbon capture and sequestration is one such technology that can be used to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of many industrial plants. A mature technology for CO2 capture, amine-based post-combustion capture, is readily available today. How

Den 1 januari 2014 infördes de svenska reglerna om forskning och utveckl-ing. Reglerna infördes mot bakgrund av den positiva effekten innovation en-ligt nationalekonomisk teori anses ha på tillväxt, och att ett skattemässigt inci-tament förväntas leda till ökade investeringar i FoU. Det svenska FoU-avdraget är idag utformat som en direkt nedsättning av ar-betsgivaravgifterna och den allmänna löneThe Swedish rules on research and development were introduced on January 1, 2014, against the backdrop of the positive impact that innovation according to economic theory is considered to have on growth, and the expectation that a tax incentive would lead to increased investments in R&D. The Swedish R&D tax credit is designed as a direct reduction of employer’s social security contribution

There are currently numerous web services that provide the user with the opportunity to download geodata. These services are often different regarding what type of data they provide and the way they distribute the data. Another aspect that differs between these services is if the download of geodata is free of charge (open) or subject to a fee. There is currently a trend in the society striving to

Den organiserade brottsligheten har länge plågat samhället och dess moderna tappning kan dateras till slutet av 1800-talet. På grund av sin unika struktur har den organiserade brottsligheten visat sig vara särskilt svårutredd. Den organiserade brottsligheten fortsätter att växa i Sverige samtidigt som polis och åklagaren med tillgängliga medel försöker förhindra dess framfart och expansion. FråganOrganised crime is a type of criminal enterprise that has plagued society for ages, with its modern form dating back to the late 1800’s. Because of its unique structure considering the general sense of criminality, organised crime has proven to be an exceptionally difficult criminal activity to battle. Organised crime continues to grow in Sweden, with both the police and prosecutors trying to use

The purpose of this thesis’ topic is to investigate regular usage and relations between the development led archaeology and the archival institutions of Skåne region in southern Sweden, specifically to highlight how archives might act as reliable sources of information to aid development led archaeology in Skåne region. The research questions touch upon the following topics: what categories of sou

As buildings become more energy-efficient in their operation, the environmental costs of building components, such as carbon emissions during manufacturing, transportation, and end-of-life, are becoming increasingly significant. Automated façade shading systems have been widely proposed for their ability to reduce operational energy use and improve daylight performance. However, their life-cycle e

Domens rättskraft hindrar att en sak som redan avgjorts får prövas igen. Att rättskraften begränsas till "saken" brukar benämnas som rättskraftens objektiva utsträckning. Vad "saken" är och följaktligen vad som är samma sak som något annat är emellertid inte en enkel fråga att besvara. Trots en rikhaltig praxis från Högsta domstolen som behandlar ämnet och en långvarig diskussiThe legal force of a judgement prohibits the same subject matter from being tried twice. The fact that the legal force of a judgement is limited to the subject matter is referred to as the objective scope of the legal force. How to decide what constitutes the "subject matter" and consequently what is to be considered the same subject matter as something else is a complex question. Despit

The northern permafrost regions are experiencing a rapid warming as surface temperatures are rising, causing a disintegration of permafrost and a deepening of the active layer (AL). This releases previously frozen carbon, making it available for decomposition by microbes. The combination of the high microbial activity and overall wetter soils may cause anoxic conditions and in turn methane (CH4) a

The globally accelerating sea-level rise poses a problem in coastal areas through, e.g., the erosion of sandy beaches. Due to this, buildings, infrastructure, and other values can be lost, making the future shoreline position important to project in coastal management. One location with historical erosion problems is Ystad municipality in southern Sweden, where the erosive problems are probable to