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Simple models are less input demanding and their calibration involves a lower number of parameters, however their general applicability to vast areas must be tested. We analysed if a simple ecosystem model (PRELES) can be applied to estimate carbon and water fluxes of Boreal forests at regional scale. Multi-site (M-S) and site-specific (S-S) calibrations were compared using evapotranspiration (ET)
Modern society is becoming increasingly dependent on a continuous supply of electricity. In order to maintain the safety and security of society and its citizens, it is therefore necessary that electricity networks are resilient toward disruptions whether caused by natural disasters, sinister attacks, or other. Margin and sensitivity are two crucial aspects of the resilience concept which have so
Purpose: Individuals with tetraplegia depend on alternative interfaces in order to control computers and other electronic equipment. Current interfaces are often limited in the number of available control commands, and may compromise the social identity of an individual due to their undesirable appearance. The purpose of this study was to implement an alternative computer interface, which was full
This article identifies factors which contribute to households’ willingness to pay for improving and protecting a multiple-use water scheme in Ethiopia. It does so through descriptive statistics, a probit model and contingent valuation methods complemented with qualitative data. Estimates suggest farmers’ willingness to pay is based on gender, the prevalence of waterborne disease, the time to coll
A major obstacle in ex vivo gene transfer has been the loss of transgene expression soon after implantation of the grafted transduced cells. Recently, a lentiviral vector system has been developed which has proven to express high levels of transgenes in vivo after direct injection into the tissue. In this study, we have investigated the use of such a vector for ex vivo gene transfer to the brain.
Among the issues relating to the needs of citizens with reduced functional capacity, accessibility problems throughout society are gaining interest. The focus of this paper is on methodology for assessment of urban public bus transport accessibility. The aims are to describe the development of a pilot version of a new instrument, the Travel Chain Enabler, and to identify problems to target for fur
Human pluripotent stem cells provide new choices for sources of A9-type dopaminergic (DA) neurons in clinical trials of neural transplantation for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). For example, "self" and HLA-matched A9 DA neurons may improve the patient-to-patient variability observed in previous clinical trials using fetal DA neurons and obviate the need for long-term immunosuppression in
The implementation of global anti-doping regulations was intended to provide a level playing field for all athletes entering sports competitions. However, studies have shown that the worldwide harmonization of rules has not been entirely efficacious. For instance, great variation has been found in how anti-doping organizations implement anti-doping regulations, and it has also been shown that athl
PURPOSE: To investigate whether TT virus (TTV) viral load may be used as a surrogate marker for functional immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).METHOD: Fifteen protease inhibitor-naïve HIV-infected patients were included in a longitudinal study. From each patient, three serum samples taken before HAART initiation and three samples ta
This paper presents a novel approach for the elaboration of an integration strategy for controls and computing systems at large particle accelerator based research facilities. The approach is applied in a specific case study conducted at the world-leading neutron science facility European Spallation Source (ESS). First, an introduction to the term 'integration' in the Systems Engineering literatur
We present the PalCom Object Notation, a textual data representation format for communication between internet of things which support binary and textual data. The format does not require parsing of user data (or the “payload”) and is thus efficient to use also for large binary values such as digital images, audio and video as well as for short textual values. These can be mixed in the same messag
The electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the proton are now well known, owing to Compton scattering measurements on hydrogen targets; however, the neutron polarizabilities are still relatively uncertain, compared to the proton values. To address this problem, a multiinstitutional collaboration has conducted a program of elastic Compton scattering experiments on deuterium at the MAX IV Laborat
The method of angular- and wavelength-dispersive (e.g. two-dimensional) Rietveld refinement is a new and emerging tool for the analysis of neutron diffraction data measured at time-of-flight instruments with large area detectors. Following the approach for one-dimensional refinements (using either scattering angle or time of flight), the first step at each beam time cycle is the calibration of the
AimThe aim was to explore the ambulance service as experienced by present and former employees.BackgroundOver the last decade, the number of ambulance assignments has increased annually by about 10%, and as many as 50% of all ambulance assignments are considered non-urgent. This raises questions about which assignments the Ambulance Service (AS) is supposed to deal with.Design/methodData were coll
The UN Charter describes him or her merely as the “chief administrative officer of the organization,” yet today the Secretary-General is widely recognized as the UN’s chief political representative. How did this transformation and expansion of the office from administrative to political take place? Existing scholarship tends to emphasize the contribution made by Dag Hammarskjöld. This article chal
Normalisation of measured energy use in buildings is important in order to verify their performance in user phase. Two methods for normalisation have been presented in Sweden, static and dynamic normalisation. The static normalisation considers deviating hot water use, indoor temperature, internal loads and external climate. The dynamic normalisation is based on repeated simulation, meaning that t
Human intrahepatic lymphocytes are enriched in CD1d-unrestricted T cells coexpressing NKR. Although the origin of this population remains controversial, it is possible to speculate that the hepatic microenvironment, namely epithelial cells or the cytokine milieu, may play a role in its shaping. IL-15 is constitutively expressed in the liver and has a key role in activation and survival of innate a
The ESS Linac project, phase I, requires 12 long pulse klystron modulators with compact footprint, high pulse power and improved quality both on the output pulse waveform and on the input AC power line. Conventional long pulse modulators are typically based on HV pulse transformers and commonly exhibit poor efficiency, low power density, large footprint and cost, with still limited performance on
