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This essay focuses on the increasing problems for companies and right-holders with counterfeited and pirated goods in the European Union and the problems for right holders to enforce their IPR rights. Will IPRED1 make a difference and is there really a need for the new Directive of Enforcement 2004/48/EG, or do the sanctions according to the TRIPS Agreement suffice. Further, IPRED2 is a follow up
The period after birth, when an infant is initially exposed to vast amounts of environmental and microbial antigens, sets the stage for proper immune system development ensuing lifelong immunity. Simultaneous to this first-time exposure, the nursing mother provides immune protection via antibodies in the breast milk. Secretory Immunoglobulin A, as provided by the mother or produced intrinsically i
Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to extract global values of oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in healthy volunteers, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phase maps. The repeatability of the method was evaluated, and the age dependences of OEF and CMRO2 were analyzed. Material and methods: Phase data were acquired using a 3T MRI scann
Background: The rapid increase in type 2 diabetes worldwide has mainly been attributed to lifestyle factors, including poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Type and quality of diet is a key factor in both prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Aim: To investigate the association between diet quality and risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods and Subjects: This prospective study in the M
The pursuit for equality between men and women is an ongoing struggle. One of the largest differences between men and women in general is the amount of time spent taking care of children and the home. This difference between men and women is one of the reasons women have less opportunity to pursue a career, be financially independent or take part in politics in most parts of the world. This differ
After having received criticism during previous inter-governmental conferences the European union decided to arrange a convention on the future of europe during 2002 in order to draft a European constitution. This was done to foremost to improve the transparency, participation and decision-making in the preparatory phase of inter-governmental conferences. At first, it received little attention, bu
Background: Meniscus extrusion or hypertrophy may occur in knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, currently no data are available on the position and size of the meniscus in asymptomatic men and women with normal meniscus integrity. Methods: Three-dimensional coronal DESSwe MRIs were used to segment and quantitatively measure the size and position of the medial and lateral menisci, and their correlati
The Tartoq Group, located in SW Greenland, consists of supracrustal rocks of mainly tholeiitic basaltic composition, including pillow lavas, sills/dykes and gabbros, as well as ultramafic rocks. Metamorphic grade ranges from greenschist fades to granulite facies. The Tartoq Group crops out as a series of blocks and slivers that are imbricated with originally intrusive Mesoarchaean TTG orthogneisse
Background. In metastatic colorectal cancer, mutation testing for KRAS exon 2 is widely implemented to select patients with wild-type tumors for treatment with the monocloncal anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab. The added predictive value of additional biomarkers in the RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways in colorectal cancer is uncertain, which led us to systematically review the
OBJECTIVE-Previous studies have suggested that preterm birth is associated with diabetes later in life. These studies have shown inconsistent results for late preterm births and have had various limitations, including the inability to evaluate diabetic outpatients or to estimate risk across the full range of gestational ages. Our objective was to determine whether preterm birth is associated with
Background and Purpose-Secondary prevention is recommended after stroke, but adherence to guidelines is unknown. We studied the prescription of antiplatelet drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, and anticoagulant drugs and their relation to risk of death. Methods-Patients with first-ever ischemic stroke in 2005 were registered in the Swedish Stroke Register. Odds ratios, hazard
Introduction The previously reported randomised controlled trial of a consensus regimen of pulse cyclophosphamide suggested that it was as effective as a daily oral (DO) cyclophosphamide for remission induction of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies-associated systemic vasculitis when both were combined with the same glucocorticoid protocol (CYCLOPS study (Randomised trial of daily oral versus
Background: Pancreatic cancer and other pancreaticobiliary type periampullary adenocarcinomas have a dismal prognosis even after resection and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Intestinal type periampullary adenocarcinomas generally have a better prognosis, but little is known on optimal neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment. New prognostic and treatment predictive biomarkers are needed for improved treatmen
OBJECTIVE-To evaluate the significance of GAD antibodies (GADAs) and family history for type 1 diabetes (FHT1) or type 2 diabetes (FHT2) in nondiabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-GADAs were analyzed in 4,976 nondiabetic relatives of type 2 diabetic patients or control subjects from Finland. Altogether, 289 (5.9%) were GADA(+)-a total of 253 GADA(+) and 2,511 GADA(-) subjects participate
Background: Data for multiple common susceptibility alleles for breast cancer may be combined to identify women at different levels of breast cancer risk. Such stratification could guide preventive and screening strategies. However, empirical evidence for genetic risk stratification is lacking. Methods: We investigated the value of using 77 breast cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms
Background-Late mortality after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is frequently associated with pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO). We aimed to describe the morphological spectrum of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and identify risk factors for death and postoperative PVO. Methods and Results-We conducted a retrospective, international, collaborative, population-bas
Background-Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiencing acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are at high risk for clinical events. In the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial, ticagrelor versus clopidogrel reduced the primary endpoint of death from vascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke after ACS, but increased the incidence of dyspnea, which may l
Background: Estimations of the risk of bisphosphonate associated atypical femoral fractures vary between different population-based studies, from considerable to neglectable. A possible explanation for these discrepancies could be different definitions of atypical fractures. We aimed to identify specific radiographic fracture characteristics associated with bisphosphonate use. Methods: In a previo
The aim of this thesis is to design two patch antenna arrays for dual-frequency harmonic radar application, one for the transmitter and the other for the receiver. The arrays are used to track the Bogong moth that migrates from the countryside to the Australian Alps during spring. The tracking is done at the radar by operating the transmitter at one frequency and the receiver at twice the frequenc
Author: Elisabeth Mårtensson & Marianne Vagnemark Title: “I know myself best” – A study of what people with drug- and alcohol problems believe that they need help with [translated title] Supervisor: Arne Kristiansen Assessor: Gunilla Lindén The purpose of this study was to examine what people with drug- and alcohol problems believe that they need for kind of help if a change would become poss
