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The snowmelt at a point is estimated through a simplified energy budget. From the energy equation a degree-day method is derived. The rate of snowmelt isfound as a constant multiplied by the temperature excess over an equilibrium temperature which depends on solar radiation.The snowmelt events in Kiruna (3 years) and LuleH (4 years) are analysed utilizing energy balance computations and the degree
This paper proposes a simple framework to model social preferences in a way that explicitly separates economic incentives from social (context) effects and allows for uncertainty also about the latter. Moreover, it allows non-economic cost associated with the deviation from some norm to be more discriminatory than just “right” or “wrong.” We refer to existing evidence on dictator game giving to de
We study the surface diffusion and alloying of Sb into GaAs nanowires (NWs) with controlled axial stacking of wurtzite (Wz) and zinc blende (Zb) crystal phases. Using atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we find that Sb preferentially incorporates into the surface layer of the {110}-terminated Zb segments rather than the {1120}-terminated Wz segments. Density functional theory calcul
This article analyses the application of the 1972 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention (the WHC) in the context of the armed conflicts that have taken place in the Virunga National Park (the Park), a natural world heritage site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC). Instead of addressing wartime environmental damage under t
The aim of the user-related assessment was to evaluate the effects on driver behaviour, experiences, reactions, expected effects and acceptance of the Highway Automation” system, developed by VW in sub-project 6 of the AdaptIVe IP. The driving functions were developed as level 3 (conditional automation) functions so the driver does not have to monitor the system while driving. The system provides
Objective: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are required to assess and train patients in the correct use of inhalers but are often unable to demonstrate correct technique themselves. We sought to assess the level of training required for HCPs to master and maintain device mastery when using two different dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Methods: We conducted a randomized, un-blinded, crossover study in
Marine seismic data are distorted by ghosts as waves propagating upwards reflect downwards from the sea surface. Ghosts appear both on the source-side as well as on the receiver-side. However, whereas the receiver-side ghost problem has been studied in detail and many different solutions have been proposed and implemented commercially, the source-side ghost problem has remained largely "unsolved"
In this study, Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation and the least cost path analysis were applied to find the optimal by-pass road alignment in the Tlokweng Planning Area in Botswana. One-At-a-Time sensitivity analysis and the statistical test for zero proportion were used to investigate the robustness of the entire model. Four alternative by-pass roads were produced stressing economic, environmental
High-speed communication using the copper network, originally installed for telephony, is one of the dominant Internet access techniques. Several variants of a technology referred to as digital subscriber line (DSL) have been developed, standardized and installed during the last two decades. Essentially, DSL achieves high rates by exploiting wide bands of the copper cable channel. The shorter the
We review here the potential benefits of metabolic changes in carrots upon cold stress, a process known as cold acclimation, for the enhancement of quality upon freezing. The damaging action of a previous blanching operation is discussed and the alternative of using mild blanching treatments to minimise tissue damage is reviewed. Blanching treatments, aimed at inactivating enzymes near the surface
Lawful equations describing relations between empirical measurable variables, that are free of fitted parameters, and that can be derived from simple assumptions, are rare in psychology. However, this paper proposes one such equation that describes the relation between the performances on four different explicit episodic memory tests: free recall, cued recall, recognition, and cued recognition. Th
In this study, laccase from Cerrena unicolor as a highly active enzyme was adsorptively immobilized on the surface of graphite electrode. The electrode inserted into flow-injection system served as a biosensor for detection of polyphenols, including flavonoids. We used catechin hydrate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, prodelphinidin, and caffeic acid as a target compounds in determination. The p
Here we present our interface model and research demonstrators based on our context-aware virtual personal server space system, called “Nightingale”. Based on digital paper and collaborative interface technologies, we focus on reminiscence activities for their use in promoting social and intellectual fitness in the elderly. The Nightingale middleware consists of three planes of service (data, cont
Incorporating the conceptual resources of the ontological argument for the existence of God into the underlying rationale of the cosmological ditto, I here present and defend a ‘cosmontological’ synthesis: an a posteriori argument for the existence of an all-perfect GOD: a being who, in virtue of being whatever it is better to be than not to be, is that than which a greater cannot be thought. Cent
Based on recent advances in control theory, we propose the notion of jitter margin for periodic control tasks. The jitter margin isdefined as a function of the amount of constant delay in the controlloop, and it describes how much additional time-varying delay can betolerated before the loop goes unstable. Combined with schedulingtheory, the jitter margin can be used to guarantee the stability and
Popular Abstract in Swedish Trots ny fordonsteknik så har koldioxidutsläppen ökat med nästan 40% i Europa sedan 1990-talet. Detta beror främst på en tilltagande transport på våra vägar. Drivmedel som används inom transportsektorn är nästan uteslutande diesel och bensin, vilka härstammar från fossila bränslen. För att hantera konsekvenserna av transportfordons miljöpåverkan så blir lagstiftningen pThis thesis deals with large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent combustion processes in direct injection internal combustion (IC) engines. Modeling of direct injection IC engine combustion involves modeling of turbulent spray/gas two-phase flow, modeling of chemical reactions of large hydrocarbon fuels and coupling of chemistry with turbulent flows. LES is chosen in this thesis for it capability
A time-independent plasticity model using only one yield surface and capable of predicting cyclic loading is presented. Memory points are defined to monitor the loading history; these memory points have the property that they can be created as well as disappear during the load history. The generalized plastic modulus is defined from these memory points in such a way that it will be continuous and
In this work, we present a novel self-aligned gate-last fabrication process for vertical nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. The fabrication method allows for exposure dose-defined gate lengths and a local diameter reduction of the intrinsic channel segment, while maintaining thicker highly doped access regions. Using this process, InAs nanowire transistors combining good
