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The thyroglobulin (TG) protein is essential to thyroid hormone synthesis, plays a vital role in the regulation of metabolism, development and growth and serves as intraglandular iodine storage. Its architecture is conserved among vertebrates. Synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones depends on the conformation, iodination and post-translational modification of TG. Although st

Microbial necromass is increasingly recognized as an important fast-cycling component of the long-term carbon present in soils. To better understand how fungi and bacteria individually contribute to the decomposition of fungal necromass, three particle sizes (>500, 250–500, and <250 μm) of Hyaloscypha bicolor necromass were incubated in laboratory microcosms inoculated with individual strains of t

Aim: Anthropogenic-driven biodiversity loss can impact ecosystem stability. However, most studies have only evaluated the diversity–stability relationship at the local scale and we do not fully understand which factors stabilize animal populations and communities across scales. Here, we investigate the role of species dispersal ability, climate, spatial distance and different facets of biodiversit

Actors at various scales approach their relation to water differently in the context of environmental and climate crises. Multilateral agencies conceptualize water as a quantifiable element that can be managed efficiently. For them, climate change and water scarcity hinder economic growth and widen drinking water access gaps. Consequently, financial and technical resources focus on promoting water

The importance of genetic diversity has been recognised by the Convention on Biological Diversity but attempts at monitoring or improving the genetic diversity of populations have been minimal. Here, we investigate changes over time in the genetic diversity of a wild insect species, Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and present a large-scale investigation into contemporary spatial genetic

Despite the importance of fungi to forest carbon (C) cycling and increasing calls to include microbial interactions in ecosystem models, how shifting fungal guild abundances impact soil C stocks remains poorly quantified, particularly in mineral soils where most C is stored. Additionally, a greater understanding of how fungal interguild interactions affect belowground litter decomposition is neede

Most pollinator policy initiatives are focused on habitat restoration and increasing the availability of floral resources, yet the choice of plant species is not always compatible with farming system cultivation and management needs. In this paper, we developed a framework for selecting plants to specifically meet stakeholder needs. We trialled 19 plant species and collected observational data on

Mapping in situ eddy covariance measurements of terrestrial land–atmosphere fluxes to the globe is a key method for diagnosing the Earth system from a data-driven perspective. We describe the first global products (called X-BASE) from a newly implemented upscaling framework, FLUXCOM-X, representing an advancement from the previous generation of FLUXCOM products in terms of flexibility and technica

Climate warming is driving changes in species distribution, but habitat characteristics can interact with warming temperatures to affect populations in unexpected ways. We investigated wintering waterbird responses to climate warming depending on habitat characteristics, with a focus on the northern boundary of their non-breeding distributions where winter climatic conditions are more extreme. At

The INTERSPEC project, funded by a European Research Council Starting Grant, is focused on introducing a novel analytical methodology for studying single-cell scale fungal metabolism to clarify how fungal decomposition rates are affected by changing environmental (biotic and abiotic) conditions.

The present article explores the implication of fairness as a regulatory and competition law concept applied to digital and Artificial Intelligence markets, in light of recent law and policy developments targeting the interaction between data, market power and competition law. Much of the policy discussions, legislative proposals as well some emerging case law elevate the matter of “fairness” in tThe present article explores the implication of fairness as a regulatory and competition law concept applied to digital and Artificial Intelligence markets, in light of recent law and policy developments targeting the interaction between data, market power and competition law.Much of the policy discussions, legislative proposals as well some emerging case law elevate the matter of “fairness” in th

Soil health in Europe has reached a critical point: it is estimated that 60-70% of European soils are unhealthy. Changes in land use, its intensity and the quality of management have significant impacts on soil health and soil related ecosystem services. A systems analysis of soil health dynamics requires an understanding of the drivers inducing changes in land use and management. The DPSIR framew

Tree roots and their fungal symbionts mediate the response of rhizosphere soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition to climate warming, specifically the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration (Q10), which is a critical parameter for projecting the magnitude of terrestrial soil C-climate feedbacks. However, the intensity of the rhizosphere effects (RE; rhizosphere soils vs. bulk soils)

Regeneration of Norway spruce, Picea abies, forests is to a large extent depending on the production of seeds from high quality plus trees in orchards. However, the seed yield is variable and unpredictable due to weather, pest insects and diseases. Thus, more knowledge is needed to improve planning of harvest and mitigation of pests and diseases to secure future forest regeneration. In this study,

Butterflies and moths have often been suggested as suitable indicators for monitoring environmental effects on biodiversity, land use changes and management practices, and many butterfly monitoring schemes are established and run in Europe. In these monitoring programmes, the field counts are only carried out when certain, standard weather conditions considered favourable for butterflies are met.

Biodiversity is increasingly negatively affected by climate warming, making this issue a major conservation concern. Many bird species respond to warming temperatures by shifting distribution ranges, but these shifts often lag behind temperature changes. Protected areas (PAs) can facilitate such shifts, but a growing body of literature suggests that not all PAs facilitate climate warming responses

Aim: Grass-yellow butterflies (Eurema) are a group of pantropical Pieridae distributed throughout Asia, Australasia, Africa and the New World. However, little is known about their diversification, including the biogeographic mechanism(s) explaining their circumglobal distribution. We present the first densely sampled, time-calibrated phylogeny and biogeographic reconstruction of grass-yellows to c

Apple is one of the most important pollinator-dependent fruit crops worldwide. To secure high-quality yields, it is crucial to know which, and to what extent, pollinating insects contribute to its pollination success as measured by fruit set, fruit weight and seed set. We perform a meta-analysis of field studies conducted across multiple orchards on insect-mediated pollination in apple cultivation