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Phosphoryl transfer reactions can proceed through several plausible mechanisms, and the potential for both solvent and substrate-assisted pathways (involving proton transfer to the phosphoryl oxygens) complicates both experimental and computational interpretations. To avoid this problem, we have used electronic structure calculations to probe the mechanisms of the reactions of pyridinio-N-phosphon
Recent years have seen dramatic improvements in computer power, allowing ever more challenging problems to be approached. In light of this, it is imperative to have a quantitative model for examining chemical reactivity, both in the condensed phase and in solution, as well as to accurately quantify physical organic chemistry (particularly as experimental approaches can often be inconclusive). Simi
The Epithelial Science Expert Group convened on 18–19 October 2023, in Naples, Italy, to discuss the current understanding of the fundamental role of the airway epithelium in asthma and other respiratory diseases and to explore the future direction of patient care. This review summarises the key concepts and research questions that were raised. As an introduction to the epithelial era of research,
In their most extreme form, sex chromosomes exhibit a complete lack of genetic recombination along much of their length in the heterogametic sex. Some recent models explain the evolution of such suppressed recombination by the "sheltering"of deleterious mutations by chromosomal inversions that prevent recombination around a polymorphic locus controlling sex. This sheltering hypothesis is based on
This article examines the narratives associated with the “Shekou Model” in China’s development of the Hambantota International Port in Sri Lanka. Through a dual narrative analysis and policy evaluation approach utilizing official Chinese and Sri Lankan statements, it examines the motivations of the Chinese Communist Party and the China Merchants Group in “selling” the Shekou Model and how Sri Lank
Protein maldigestion and malabsorption lead to malnutrition and are a feature of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Although it is the current standard, measurement of nitrogen in stool to assess protease activity is indirect. Up to 80% of hydrolysed proteins appear in blood in the form of peptides, so we developed a method to measure peptide-derived amino acids in plasma as a relevant measu
The complex orography of the Tibetan plateau (TP) and the scarcity and uneven spatial distribution of meteorological stations present significant challenges in accurately estimating meteorological variables for hydrological simulations. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of daily precipitation and temperature interpolation for hydrological simulations in the Lhasa River Basin (LRB), particula
When processing radar signals, the target steering vector is generally only partially known, being subject to various forms of errors and mismatches. In this article, we investigate the design of an unimodular transmit sequence that is robust against steering vector mismatches, with the aim of enhancing the performance of a frequency diverse array multiple-input-multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar sy
Recently, work conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre demonstrated that Ireland had the highest prevalence of loneliness of all European countries. Given the range of adverse physical and psychological consequences associated with loneliness, it is vital to ask why Ireland is experiencing such high prevalence. Here, we discuss potential contributing factors, including: Irelan
A challenging task in ornithology lies in identifying high-altitude nocturnal migrating bird species and genders. While the current approaches including radar, lunar obscuration, and single-band thermal imaging provide means of detection, a more detailed spectral or polarimetric analysis of light has the potential for retrieval of additional information whereby the species and sex could be determi
Background: High fasting plasma proneurotensin concentration was associated with the development of breast cancer in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS). Here we aimed at replicating the initial finding in an independent second cohort. Methods: The Malmö Preventive Project (MPP) is a population study and comprised 18 240 subjects when examined 2002-2006. Of women without history of breast cance
The resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the order Teloschistales (Ascomycota, lichen-forming-fungi), with nearly 2000 known species and outstanding phenotypic diversity, has been hindered by the limitation in the resolving power that single-locus or two-locus phylogenetic studies have provided to date. In this context, an extensive taxon sampling within the Teloschistales with more
Prophylactic treatment in severe hemophilia is very effective but is limited by cost issues. The implementation of 2 different prophylactic regimens in The Netherlands and Sweden since the 1970s may be considered a natural experiment. We compared the costs and outcomes of Dutch intermediate-and Swedish high-dose prophylactic regimens for patients with severe hemophilia (factor VIII/IX < 1 IU/dL) b
Biogenic silica (BSi) is used as a proxy by soil scientists to identify biological effects on the Si cycle and by palaeoecologists to study environmental changes. Alkaline extractions are typically used to measure BSi in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The dissolution properties of volcanic glass in tephra deposits and their nanocrystalline weathering products are hypothesized to overla
Objectives: To evaluate screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Sweden and to investigate possible modifications of the present screening guidelines. Methods: Infants in Sweden with a gestational age (GA) of 31 weeks + 6 days or less are screened for ROP. Data from the Swedish national register for ROP (SWEDROP) during 2008 and 2009 were extracted and compared with a national perinatal q
The purpose of this paper is to present the optimal number of windows and window lengths using multiple window spectrogram for estimation of non-stationary processes with shorter or longer duration. Such processes could start in the EEG as a result of a stimuli, e.g. steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). In many applications the Welch method is used with standard set-ups for window length
The Rostanga-1 core from west-central Scania provides the most complete succession of the Sandbian (Upper Ordovician) through lower Telychian (Silurian, Llandovery) strata of southern Scandinavia. The Hirnantian is identified in the Kallholn Formation by the presence of a Metabolograptus persculptus Biozone fauna. The Akidograptus ascensus, Parakidograptus acuminatus, Cystograptus vesiculosus and
Thermal-optical analysis is a conventional method for determining the carbonaceous aerosol fraction and for classifying it into organic carbon, OC, and elemental carbon, EC. Unfortunately, the different thermal evolution protocols in use can result in a wide elemental carbon-to-total carbon variation by up to a factor of five. In Europe, there is currently no standard procedure for determining the
OBJECTIVE: The concordance index (c-index) is the standard way of evaluating the performance of prognostic models in the presence of censored data. Constructing prognostic models using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is commonly done by training on error functions which are modified versions of the c-index. Our objective was to demonstrate the capability of training directly on the c-index and t
