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There has been widespread debate about whether the way in which we measure economic activity is fit for purpose in the twenty-first century. One aspect to this debate is to move away from measuring a nation’s income (GDP), towards monitoring a nation's assets (their inclusive wealth), as a better indicator of sustainable economic development. We provide the first critical comparison of the approac

Viremia during human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection results in progressive impairment of several components of the immune system. Here a unique model of repeated treatment interruptions (TIs) was used with the aim to reveal the effect of controlled short-term viremia on innate stimuli responsiveness and circulating dendritic cells (DCs). Sequential peripheral blood samples from HI

The expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β in the small airway epithelium of COPD is unknown. C/EBPβ was assessed in peripheral lung tissue of non-smoking/smoking controls and patients with GOLD I-IV COPD by quantitative immunohistochemistry. The expression of C/EBPβ was decreased in smokers compared to never smokers. Furthermore, C/EBPβ was significantly elevated in advanced COPD v

BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation and lung function decline. CF-related diabetes (CFRD) is the main extrapulmonary complication and it is tightly linked to an impaired lung function, but the underlying mechanisms behind these observations are incompletely understood. In the present study, we aimed to compare airway microbiome composit

We have demonstrated in sensitized rats that the immediate response to endointestinal challenge with allergen (10(-6) M ovalbumin) is characterized by mucosal exudation of plasma with little or no concomitant change in the mucosal absorption capacity. The luminal entry of plasma macromolecules also leaves the light microscopic structure and the ultrastructure of the mucosa unaffected. It is possib

BACKGROUND: Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be involved in the development and course of acute pancreatitis. In the present study we measured plasma CCK concentrations in acute experimental pancreatitis (AEP) in the rat, and evaluated the role of circulating CCK levels on the initial pancreatic damage in pancreatitis. METHODS: Endogenous hyperCCKemia was induced by surgical biliodigest

To investigate whether factors in the fetal or neonatal period influence the risk of later development of coeliac disease we conducted a population-based register study. The Swedish Medical Birth Register was linked with the Hospital Discharge Register and identified 3392 singleton infants born in the period 1987-97 who developed coeliac disease. Perinatal data for these children were compared wit

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension may result in significant morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and outcome of severe pulmonary hypertension, defined as a ratio of pulmonary to systemic arterial pressure equal to or greater than 1.0, after cardiac surgery in children. METHODS: Data from all children younger than 18 ye

The inflammation of the lungs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells. Decline in lung function in these patients has been correlated to the number of CD8+ T-cells present in the lung as well as to a decline in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells. Although systemic components are likely to be present, circulating lymp

Non-melanoma skin cancers commonly contain Human Papillomavirus (HPV), but the types found have varied depending on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer systems used. Whole genome amplified DNA (not amplified by any specific PCR primers) from 91 skin lesions [41 squamous cell skin carcinomas (SCCs), 8 keratoacanthomas, 22 actinic keratoses, 3 basal cell carcinomas and 17 SCCs in situ] were s

One out of ten cases of acute pancreatitis develops into severe acute pancreatitis which is a life threatening disorder with a high mortality rate. The other nine cases are self limiting and need very little therapy. The specificity of good clinical judgement on admission, concerning the prognosis of the attack, is high (high specificity) but misses a lot of severe cases (low sensitivity). The pre

Synthetic peptides composed of multiples of the consensus heparin-binding Cardin and Weintraub sequences AKKARA and ARKKAAKA are antimicrobial. Replacement of lysine and arginine by histidine in these peptides completely abrogates their antimicrobial and heparin-binding activities at neutral pH. However, the antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) an

Abstract not available

According to a widely held assumption, the main mechanism underlying motor learning in the cerebellum, such as eyeblink conditioning, is long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fibre to Purkinje cell synapses. Here we review some recent physiological evidence from Purkinje cell recordings during conditioning with implications for models of conditioning. We argue that these data pose four major chal