Filtyp
Sweden is the only Scandinavian country that uses closed treatment institutions based on coercive measures within the child welfare system, on a large scale, for the education and treatment of young criminal offenders and drug users. In Sweden there are in 2002 some 30 “homes for specialized supervision” of varying sizes and degrees of specialization – all run by a national board of institutional
The French court dress Le grand habit, worn at many European courts during the 18th century, was introduced in Sweden in the 1740’s by the crown princess Lovisa Ulrika, sister to Fredric II of Prussia. The robe de cour remained the official ceremonial dress for women at the Swedish court until Gustavus III launched the Swedish National Costume in 1778. The four robes de cour preserved in the Royal
Background Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA(1c). We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabet
How the Internet spawns community and gets its features into offline life is a recurring problem met in searches for “impacts” of its successive iterations in the Middle East and arises particularly in assessing equivocal findings most recently about social media in the Arab Spring uprisings. But the problem is more methodological than ontological: it lies in viewing the Internet through a media l
There is increasing evidence that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) formed by colonic fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates have beneficial physiological effects. Butyric acid is the main energy substrate for the colonic mucosa and has been implicated as important in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the colonic mucosa, such as distal ulcerative colitis and cancer. Propionic acid, on t
Popular Abstract in Swedish Vår egen tid kännetecknas av ett mycket stort intresse för Förintelsen, det vill säga nazisternas folkmord på Europas judar. Denna bok försöker skissera några viktiga aspekter av den kulturella förståelsen av Förintelsen, genom att studera hur den avbildats i visuell kultur. Med "visuell kultur" förstås ett brett spektrum av kulturella uttryck, från dokumentär- och presThis thesis examines the representation in visual culture of the Holocaust, the Nazi genocide of European Jewry. It is divided into three main parts, each one focusing on a particular aspect of Holocaust representation. Part 1, "Meaning" (chapter 1-3), begins by considering the important role played by documentary photographs from the concentration camps for the public knowledge and conception of
We present experimental measurements of attosecond pulse trains. The characterization of the pulses uses a spectral interferometry technique that is implemented with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This allows us to manipulate independently the pump and probe pulses for a wide range of applications. By letting the attosecond pulses pass through metallic films, we can in particular compensate for th
Summary form only given. Resonant tunneling based devices are an intriguing set of devices with promising high speed, low power and high functionality capabilities. We have developed an technology to embed metallic features on the nm-scale inside a semiconductor. By combining such metallic features and heterostructures we have developed a new type of tunneling transistor, the so called Resonant Tu
Popular Abstract in Swedish Kol-kolinteraktioner utgör starka kemiska bindningar. Detta innebär att de är relativt svåra att både bryta och bilda. Föreliggande avhandling sammanfattar mekanistiska studier av två reaktioner, Stillereaktionen och Heckreaktionen, med hjälp av vilka kol-kolbindningar kan bildas. Ett vanligt förekommande sammanfattningsnamn för denna typ av reaktioner är korskopplingsrThe present thesis deals with various types of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes and their use in homogeneous catalysis. The focus has been devoted to mechanistic investigations concerning the Stille and Heck reactions and studies under both catalytic and stoichiometric conditions were conducted. As a stoichiometric probe for studying the transmetallation step in the Stille reaction the pl
Popular Abstract in Swedish Balansen mellan våra energibehov och den energi som konsumeras är ej längre i jämvikt. Därför är jakten på alternativa energikällor nödvändig. Hållbara energikällor erbjuder ett bra alternativ till fossilbränslen. Bland många typer av hållbara energikällor erbjuder solenergi möjligheten för mer energi än dagens konsumtion. Solceller är de smarta verktyg som omvandlar ljThe balance between our demands of energy and the energy we are consuming is not in equilibrium anymore. Therefore, the search for other energy resources is indispensable. Sustainable energy sources offer the alternative to the fossil fuels. Within many types of sustainable energy sources, solar energy offers more than the total global energy consumption. Solar cells are the smart conversion tools
Shrines and Souls provides a multi-layered contextualization of the article on religious liberty in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 18), which was propounded by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It shows how the framers of the Declaration decided to break with some of the conventional ways of framing religious liberty in international law, by foregroundin
Popular Abstract in Swedish Var efterlystes brottslingar förr? I kyrkan! Var fick man reda på att äkta män övergivit sina hustrur? I kyrkan! Hur annonserades kommande auktioner? I kyrkan! Var tillkännagavs nya lagar och förordningar? Hur fick människor besked om var viktiga möten skulle äga rum? Hur visste man att landet var i krig och vad som hände under kriser av olika slag? Naturligtvis var detAs from 1686 it was decreed by law that all government regulations, orders, edicts and other information any government official wanted to make public, had to be read out to the people by the clergy from the pulpits of all churches in Sweden and Finland at the end of the sermon. The system of communication remained in full force until the end of the 19th century and was not finally abandoned until
In later years the development of pavement design has gone towards more and more analytically based methods. Future design will probably be based on incremental deterioration models. The objective is to evaluate different types of rut depth prediction models for an incremental design process. Two different models were chosen for further studies: One model that calculates the plastic strain throu
We present a technique for etching of SiC which is based on sublimation and can be used to modify the morphology and reconstruction of silicon carbide surface for subsequent epitaxial growth of various materials, for example graphene. The sublimation etching of 6H-, 4H- and 3C-SiC was explored in vacuum (10−5 mbar) and Ar (700 mbar) ambient using two different etching arrangements which can be con
Det är en allmän rättsgrundsats i en rättsstat att för att det skall vara fråga om ett brott så måste det finnas en lag som förbjuder den aktuella handlingen. Under och efter den internationella militärtribunalens process i Nürnberg 1946-47 mot de tyska krigsförbrytarna framkom det kritik eftersom det till synes inte fanns någon lag som hade förbjudit de handlingar som hade begåtts. I denna uppIt is a commonly held belief, in a state governed by the rule of law, that it must, to be a crime, exist a law that expressively disallows the stated action. During and after the international military tribunal's trial in Nuremberg in 1946 and 1947 against the major war criminals there emerged some criticism because there seemingly wasn't any law that forbade the actions undertaken during
The aim of this thesis is to get a better understanding of the evolution of the Milky Way stellar disc by looking at the abundance ratios for neutron-capture elements in thin and thick disc stars. In this project the formation of our Galaxy’s thin and thick disc was studied by analysing 10 different neutron-capture elements in field stars measured by Gaia-ESO. The methodology to determine if this
Arbetstagarskyddet vid verksamhetsöverlåtelser regleras inom Europeiska unionen (EU) av Rådets direktiv 2001/23/EG av den 12 mars 2001 om till-närmning av medlemsstaternas lagstiftning om skydd för arbetstagares rättig-heter vid överlåtelse av företag, verksamheter eller delar av företag eller verk-samheter (överlåtelsedirektivet). I svensk rätt har reglerna implementerats ge-nom ändringar i lag (The protection of employees in the case of business transfers is regulated within the European Union (EU) by Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees’ rights in the event of the transfer of under-takings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses (Transfer of Un-dertakings directive). In Sw
En grundprincip inom svensk processrätt är den fria bevisprövningen. Den fria bevisprövningen framstår dock inte som helt självklar genom inflytande från främst europeisk rätt. I denna uppsats undersöks principen om fri bevisförings ställning vid konflikter mellan nationell rätt och internationella överenskommelser. Undersökningen görs genom klarläggande av praxis från Europadomstolen och HögstaA fundamental part of Swedish procedural law is the principle that the process of both submitting evidence and the evaluation of this evidence should be free, as in not regulated by law. Due to Swedens international agreements such as being a member of the European Union brings with them some legally binding demands. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the standing of this principle w
Sweden is a state governed by the rule of law, and is based on many different principles in order to ensure a functioning justice system. An important prin-ciple is that the rulings from the courts should be adamant, also known as the principle of firmness. The ruling of the court shall stand when it has gained legal force and this is also known as the negative legal force of a judgment. The human
