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Självförsvarsrätten är en viktig del av den internationella rätten och den reglerar staters rätt att försvara sig mot väpnade angrepp. I samband med att icke-statliga aktörer har fått större möjlighet att utföra stora väpnade angrepp, har frågan om självförsvar mot icke-statliga aktörer växt fram. Denna fråga har varit en av de mest omdiskuterade frågorna i internationell rätt. Uppsatsen kommer däThe right of self-defense is an important part of international law. It regulates the right of a state to defend itself against an armed attack. Non-state actors have in the recent past been able to carry out large scale armed attacks. Therefore, the question of a state´s right to defend itself against non-state actors has been widely debated in international law. This essay will examine the possi

Borgen är en form av säkerhet till förmån för kreditgivare. En borgensmans åtar sig att uppfylla en annan persons förpliktelse, vanligtvis att betala en penningskuld. Det innebär att kreditgivare kan återfå försträckta belopp, även om kredittagaren inte kan betala tillbaka. En borgensman står inte nödvändigtvis att vinna på sitt åtagande, men riskerar likväl att finna sig i ekonomiskt trångmål om A guarantee is a form of security for the benefit of creditors. The guarantor commits to fulfil the obligations of another, commonly a repayment obligation. The creditor can then direct his claims towards the guarantor, if the debtor is unable to repay. A guarantor does not necessarily stand to gain from the commitment, but reversely stands the risk of economic strain if fulfilment of the guarante

This thesis utilises an exploratory approach to analyse the system of interactions between the policy-makers of the European Commission’s Directorate General for Energy and different types of stakeholders. This system of interactions is often referred to as the ‘interest system of the EU’ and is largely informed by rational choice theoretical assumptions about the behaviours of policy-makers and s

In recent years the EU and its member states have seen increased activities of Russian disinformation influences impacting the national information environment. Germany and Sweden are interesting cases in relation to this issue as such hybrid threats target them both. This study aims to describe the national responses of the two countries in relation to Russian disinformation. A document analysis

This paper looks at whether an implementation of a UN operation in a civil conflict effects the signing of local peace agreements. It is limited to the Africa and Middle East regions. The theory applied, and tested, is the Liberal Peace Theory. To test the question a new dataset is constructed by merging disparate datasets and data into one. The UCDP dataset on violent conflicts, and the PA-X loca

This essay aims to explain The Moderates and Christian Democrats changed refugee policy from 2014- autumn 2021, and the reasoning behind this change. The subject will be analyzed with a rational approach based on Sjöblom’s three goals (and arenas): party cohesion, vote maximizing, and parliamentary influence. The study answers the following questions: What explains The Moderates and Christian Demo

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate why EU member states chose to join ad-hoc collations outside of the EU framework in the Strait of Hormuz, despite having a jointly endorsed ambition in the EU to increase strategic autonomy. Furthermore, the thesis reflects on what the significance of the collations are for EU global actorness and the ambition of strategic autonomy. To do so, this thesi

This study investigates how threats and problems are constructed within the Swedish work with cybersecurity. Due to digitalization and increasing problems with cyberthreats, cybersecurity has become a priority on the political agenda. Sweden is one of the leading countries in the world when it comes to digitalization. But the rapid development has left the Swedish cybersecurity endangered. In resp

Antalet barn och unga som upplever könsdysfori har ökat drastiskt under det senaste årtiondet. Unga könsdysforiker har behandlats och behandlas idag med hormoner som kan bromsa pubertetsutvecklingen eller göra att kroppen utvecklas närmare till det könet som den unga identifierar sig som. Könsbe-kräftande hormonbehandlingar till barn har på senare tid väckt ett antal frågor, eftersom behandlingarnThe number of children and adolescents who experience gender dysphoria has increased rapid-ly over the past decade. Gender dysphoria in adolescence may be treated with hormones that either delay the onset of puberty or govern the gender development closer towards the gender that the patient identifies with. Hormonal gender-affirming treatments in children have recently been brought up to discussio

Syftet med framställningen har varit att ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv utreda svensk gradindelning vid grov våldtäkt när gärningen har förövats under vapenhot. Uppsatsen har även haft som syfte att utreda vilka omständigheter som bör beaktas för att ett hot ska anses vara av särskilt allvarlig art. Analys av rättspraxis har varit avgörande för att förstå hur gradindelningen bör genomföras i deThe purpose of this thesis has been to examine the Swedish classification of aggravated rape when the act is committed under threat with weapons from a legal security perspective. In addition, the purpose of this thesis has also been to investigate the circumstances that should be considered for a threat to be particularly serious. Analysis of case law has been crucial for understanding how the

Even as the public awareness and concern about climate change are increasing, and the younger generations are urging for political action, support for more costly and ambitious mitigation policies is not given. The low-cost hypothesis theory provides an explanation for why our concern about climate change fails to translate into supporting policies when the personal cost is high. However, research

This essay highlights how the policy documents of the European Union and projects in southern Sweden financed through the European Social Fund (ESF) mutually represent unemployment as a specific type of problem. By applying the theoretical perspective rationalities and technologies of government, the essay provides insight into the process where the EU rationalizes unemployment as a problem that n

Inom såväl nationell som internationell arbetsrätt värnar man om arbetstagarens trygghet på arbetsmarknaden. Det finns flertalet regleringar inom svensk rätt som syftar till att trygga anställningsförhållandet, varvid lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS), spelar en central roll. LAS:s huvudsakliga funktion är att skydda arbetstagaren från godtyckliga uppsägningar. Däremot är det endast en deIn both national and international labor law, the need for employment security has won wide recognition. Regarding Sweden’s labor laws, there are several regulations which aim to control the employment relationship. It is here that the Employment Protection Act (in Swedish lag (1982:80) om anställningsskydd, LAS) plays a major role. One of the main purposes of LAS is to protect an employee from ar

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och analysera vilka föreställningar om kvinnan som återfinns i olika typer av våldtäktsmål utifrån ett genusrättsvetenskapligt perspektiv. Uppsatsen är begränsad till att enbart analysera mål där parterna är bekanta med varandra. I arbetet med uppsatsen har främst den kvalitativa tematiska textanalysen tillämpats. Det analysverktyg som använts vid tillämpThis thesis uses a gender jurisprudence perspective to investigate and analyse how women are viewed in different types of rape cases. The thesis is limited to analysing cases where the parties are acquainted. The primary method is qualitative thematic text analysis. This method utilises ideal type analysis. The ideas identified in the in-depth analysis of the cases are compared with two polar-opp

Cooperation over shared water resources is often emphasised as something desirable. At the same time research show how a collaborative discourse can hide harmful effects of cooperation. Thus, the aim of this study is to show how water cooperation is problematized within the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement and the effects of this in the form of political implications. This is done with a

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) encompasses similar countries in matters of culture, language, and economic structure. However, the organization has only achieved modest levels of integration despite having existed for over 40 years. Previous research points to the absence of supranational institutions and low levels of economic interchange. The study of the core reasons behind the observabl

In the last couple of decades we have been witnessing a proliferation of both novel and more experimental forms of public participation within the field of Swedish planning discourse. The spread of participation and inclusion in the urban planning can both be seen as a result of an increased political disenchantment of the representative democratic system as well as an attempt, by the bureaucracy,

This essay examines how the Swedish environmental party, Miljöpartiet, has positioned themselves on the issue of independent schools in Sweden since the party was founded in 1981 until today. The analytical framework in the study is based on Christian Fernandez’ tripartite typology, privatization, differentiation and universalization. By using a qualitative text analysis, key texts are analysed us

Both research and theoretical approaches try to understand the EU’s motives for their external actions. Some argue the EU is a normative power, using their financial sanctions upon the human right principles, while others claim that the EU is governed by security interests, and where financial sanctions are used to control other states. The purpose of the thesis is to examine whether the EU’s fina

Syftet med denna har uppsats har varit att undersöka hur svensk rätt hanterar skador på naturvärden inom ramen för 32 kap. MB för att undersöka om det överhuvudtaget är möjligt att få skadestånd för en ekologisk skada enligt 32 kap. men även hur en sådan skada skulle kunna komma att värderas. Uppsatsen har genom rättsdogmatisk metod analyserat både rättsfall, förarbeten och doktrin för att se hur The purpose of this essay has been to investigate how Swedish environmental law handles damage to natural resources, and to see whether it is possible at all to obtain compensation for ecological damage according to the Swedish Environmental Code (MB). The purpose has also been to see how such damage could be assessed. Through a legal-dogmatic method, the essay has analyzed both legal cases, prepa