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This article, Part II of an article series on GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport through turbid media, focuses on the validation of the online software Multi-Scattering. While Part I detailed the implementation of the computational model, simulated and experimental results are now compared for the distribution of the scattered light intensity. The scattering phantoms prepar
Unlike misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases, aggregation of functional amyloids involved in bacterial biofilm, e.g. CsgA (E. coli) and FapC (Pseudomonas), is carefully regulated. However, it is unclear whether functional aggregation is inhibited by chaperones targeting pathological misfolding and if so by what mechanism. Here we analyze how four entirely different human chaperones or protein m
Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affect the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and
The azimuthal correlation, Δ ϕ12, of high transverse momentum jets in pp collisions at s=13 TeV is studied by applying PB-TMD distributions to NLO calculations via MCatNLO together with the PB-TMD parton shower. A very good description of the cross section as a function of Δ ϕ12 is observed. In the back-to-back region of Δ ϕ12→ π, a very good agreement is observed with the PB-TMD Set 2 distributio
Cavity-free lasing generation from gas constituents has been studied in the past decade since it promises great potentials in remote sensing and optical diagnostics techniques. Here we report on experimental investigations of temporal characteristics of H-atom lasing emission at 656 nm by examining the dependences of its durations and delays on the pump-laser-pulse energies. An indirect measuremen
In this work, a derivation and implementation of the relativistic time-dependent configuration-interaction singles (RTDCIS) method is presented. Various observables for krypton and xenon atoms obtained by RTDCIS are compared with experimental data and alternative relativistic calculations. This includes energies of occupied orbitals in the Dirac-Fock ground state, Rydberg state energies, Fano reso
The chaperone DNAJB6b delays amyloid formation by suppressing the nucleation of amyloid fibrils and increases the solubility of amyloid-prone proteins. These dual effects on kinetics and equilibrium are related to the unusually high chemical potential of DNAJB6b in solution. As a consequence, the chaperone alone forms highly polydisperse oligomers, whereas in a mixture with an amyloid-forming prot
A method for modelling the prompt production of molecular states using the hadronic rescattering framework of the general-purpose Pythia event generator is introduced. Production cross sections of possible exotic hadronic molecules via hadronic rescattering at the LHC are calculated for the χc1(3872) resonance, a possible tetraquark state, as well as three possible pentaquark states, Pc+(4312), Pc
The Pythia event generator is used in several contexts to study hadron and lepton interactions, notably p p and p p ¯ collisions. In this article we extend the hadronic modelling to encompass the collision of a wide range of hadrons h with either a proton or a neutron, or with a simplified model of nuclear matter. To this end we model hp total and partial cross sections as a function of energy, an
Path integration is a general mechanism used by many animals to maintain an updated record of their position in relation to a set reference point.1–11 To do this, they continually integrate direction and distance information into a memorized home vector. What remains unclear is how this vector is stored, maintained, and utilized for successful navigation. A recent computational model based on the
The widespread salinisation of freshwater ecosystems poses a major threat to the biodiversity, functioning, and services that they provide. Human activities promote freshwater salinisation through multiple drivers (e.g., agriculture, resource extraction, urbanisation) that are amplified by climate change. Due to its complexity, we are still far from fully understanding the ecological and evolution
In seasonally variable environments, phenotypic plasticity in phenology may be critical for adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions. Using an 18-generation longitudinal dataset from natural damselfly populations, we show that phenology has strongly advanced. Individual fitness data suggest this is likely an adaptive response towards a temperature-dependent optimum. A laboratory experime
In ecological sciences, animal diets are often simplified to ‘resources' or ‘caloric quantities'. However, in the present study, we investigated the optimal foraging strategy of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua when both macro- and micro-nutritional requirements are accounted for. Proteins cannot be synthesized from fatty acids, so the proteins for gonad development must come from other dietary sources.
Spontaneous magnetic alignment is the simplest known directional response to the geomagnetic field that animals perform. Magnetic alignment is not a goal directed response and its relevance in the context of orientation and navigation has received little attention. Migratory songbirds, long-standing model organisms for studying magnetosensation, have recently been reported to align their body with
CONTEXT.—: Perinatal death is an increasingly important problem as the COVID-19 pandemic continues, but the mechanism of death has been unclear.OBJECTIVE.—: To evaluate the role of the placenta in causing stillbirth and neonatal death following maternal infection with COVID-19 and confirmed placental positivity for SARS-CoV-2.DESIGN.—: Case-based retrospective clinico-pathological analysis by a mu
Background and Problem: Existing healthcare systems have been put under immense pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Disruptions in essential maternal and newborn services have come from even high-income countries within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. Aim: To describe the quality of care during pregnancy and childbirth, as reported by the women themselves, during the COVID-
