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Background: Sedation practices in the intensive care unit have evolved from deep sedation and paralysis toward lighter sedation and better pain management. The new paradigm of sedation has enabled early mobilization and optimized mechanical ventilator weaning. Intensive care units in the Nordic countries have been particularly close to goals of lighter or no sedation and a more humane approach to
Patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) may risk disruption of their circadian rhythm. In an intervention research project a cycled lighting system was set up in an ICU room to support patients' circadian rhythm. Part I aimed to compare experiences of the lighting environment in two rooms with different lighting environments by lighting experiences questionnaire. The results indicated differences
An extraordinarily diverse and well-preserved material, including the remains of 47 insect taxa and 12 taxa of other invertebrates, extracted from the 17th century burial of Bishop Peder Winstrup in Lund Minster, is presented and discussed in terms of the treatment of the body, activities connected with the burial and faunal significance. The invertebrate assemblages include species from gardens,
Abstract: Volatile emissions of vehicle brakes relate to the high temperature of the brake friction pair. However, as a passive parameter of braking applications, temperature is usually studied together with other parameters such as sliding speed and load. Heating tests that increase the friction pair temperature with an induction heater instead of friction are proposed in this study to imitate th
Cu is required to be abated in brake pads due to its toxicity. There are on the market several Cu-free brake pads. These Cu-free brake pads are only evaluated regarding their friction and wear performance, whereas, their airborne particle emissions are not considered. A pin-on-disc tribometer is used to evaluate the friction, wear and airborne particle emission from two Cu-free commercial brake pa
Particulate matter emission factors from vehicle brakes are difficult to assess directly from the field. Moreover, there is a lack of a standardized cycle and test stand for evaluating brake emissions. For these reasons, a test cycle was developed from real driving data collected from a car. This new test cycle was implemented on an inertia disc brake dynamometer appositely designed for brake part
Disc brake creep groan is a stick-slip phenomenon which results in a low frequency noise in road vehicles that could occur at low vehicle speeds and brake torques. Simulation approaches are used predict the stick-slip phenomena for disc brakes. These approaches depend on the friction model used. Tribometers can be used to map how the local coefficient of friction (CoF) depends on the contact press
Copper from vehicles disc brakes is one main contributor of the total copper found in the environment. Therefore, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the automotive industries started the Copper-Free Brake Initiative. The pad friction material is essentially composed of a binder, fillers, reinforcing fibres and frictional additives. Copper and brass fibres are the most commonly used
Brake-related airborne particulate matter contributes to urban emissions in the transport sector. Recent research demonstrated a clear dependence of the number of ultra-fine particles on the disc brake temperature. Above the so-called transition temperature, the number of ultra-fine particles increases dramatically (several magnitudes). As for exhaust emissions, part of the emissions released duri
Emissions from disc brake wear adversely affect the air quality in cities. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)approaches focussing on the macroscopic wear of pads and rotors can be found in the literature, but none of these take the wear and emission dependence of the local contact pressure and sliding speed into account. The aim of the present study is to further develop an FEA approach for simulation
Friction, wear, and emission performance strongly depend on the contact pressure and area at the interface of the pad and disc. The contact situation at the pad-to-disc interface can be explained by the formation and destruction of mesoscopic sized contact plateaus on the pad surface. Experimental studies report that the initial surface roughness of cermet-coated discs strongly affects friction, w
Most freight wagons in the EU use cast iron brake blocks. Cast iron brake blocks have a stable braking capability in different environmental conditions, but wear down the wheel tread quickly. Therefore, there is a need to understand the tribology of other brake block materials. A pin-on-disc tribometer placed in a temperature-controlled chamber is used to investigate the tribology of cast iron, si
In 2017 a new railway tunnel containing two stations opened in Stockholm, Sweden. A series of field measurements were carried out on the platforms in this tunnel before and after it was opened for normal traffic. These measurements were used to investigate the contribution of airborne particle emissions from wear processes to total train emissions. This field data was used to develop a two-part tr
The friction, wear and particle emission from an AlSiC MMC brake disc/non-asbestos organic brake pad system is studied using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The results show that this unconventional AlSiC MMC brake disc system presents friction performance as good as a conventional cast iron brake disc system. During braking, brake pad materials are transferred to the brake disc surface to form a protec
An important contributor to non-exhaust emissions in urban areas is airborne particulate matter originating from brake systems. A well-established way to test such systems in industry is to use inertia dynamometer benches; although they are quite expensive to run. Pin-on-disc tribometers, on the other hand, are relatively cheap to run, but simplify the real system. The literature indicates promisi
The influence of car brake system parameters on particulate matter emissions was investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Samples from a low-steel friction material and a cast iron disc were tested for different sliding velocities, nominal contact pressures and frictional powers. Disc temperatures were also measured. Their impact on total concentration, size distribution, particle coefficient
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) from car disc brakes contribute up to 50% of the total non-exhaust emissions from road transport in the EU. These emissions come from the wear of the pad and rotor contact surfaces. Yet few studies have reported contact pressures and offered sliding speed maps of the friction, wear, and particle emission performance of disc bra
With regard to airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm (PM10), in countries in the European Union, the mass of brake emissions equals approximately 8–27% of the total traffic-related emissions. Using a research methodology combining tests at different scale levels with contact mechanics simulations and PM10 chemical characterization, the REBRAKE EU-financed project had t
Running-in process of low metallic brake pads and cast iron discs are investigated using full scale inertia brake dynamometer designed for particle emission studies. The airborne particles are measured using ELPI+ and collected on filters. The pads and disc contact surfaces are studied using microscopy techniques. It is observed that the particle emissions from the new pads and discs are significa
In the EU, PM10 from the wear of disc brakes can contribute up to 50% of the total non-exhaust emissions from road transport. The wear originates from the contact surfaces of the friction material and the disc. One possible way to decrease PM10 emissions is to change the materials of the contact pair in terms of composition and coatings. The wear and particle emissions of three novel friction mate
