This article presents a critical assessment of 40 years of research that may be brought under the umbrella of energy efficiency, spanning different aggregations and domains-from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects to the role of innovation to the influence of policy. After 40 years of research, energy efficiency initiatives are generally perceived as highly effective.

Combined with concerns about climate change, air pollution and human health, the COVID-19 pandemic has renewed the use of and policy interest in active transport (AT) modes, namely cycling and walking. However, we note a high degree of uncertainty and lack of assessments addressing the economic benefits of AT policies; particularly when they are used as a mix of policies at the local level. This s

This work is focused on the study of transition metal model catalysts for gas-phase heterogeneous catalysis, studied with light-based in-situ and operando techniques.Metallic model catalysts, such as Palladium (Pd) and Iridium (Ir) single crystals and in minor part deposited Rhodium (Rh), were studied using a combination of x-ray and non x-ray techniques. The aim was to either acquire structural c

The problem of optimizing PPM with the help of different choices of estimators and their parameters for different subsets of nodes in the context tree is considered. Methods of such optimization for Markov chain and context tree models for individual files and over given sets of files are presented, and it is demonstrated that the extension from Markov chain models to context tree models is necess

A probability assignment technique for weighting-based double exponential data in lossless image compression is introduced. It is shown that this technique has a favorable effect on compression when compared with traditional estimation techniques.

Purposeful and well-coordinated movements depend on the control exerted by dopamine (DA) on the basal ganglia (BG) network. Accordingly, dysfunctions or lesions of the dopaminergic system in the BG can result in an overall poverty and slowness of movement, cardinal features of Parkinson´s disease (PD), or in dyskinesias, exaggerated and involuntary movements resulting from L-DOPA pharmacotherapy.T

Identity is often viewed as one of the most important concepts to help understand life in contemporary organizations among organizational scholars. For example, studies of identity among organizational members in roles such as e.g. manager, professional, consultant, and priest have provided valuable insights around managerial and professional work, motivation, change, leadership, control, and gendThis chapter examines if identity is as important as is often claimed, and as a consequence, when and why concerns of identity are triggered in working life, and we do so through a constructionist identity perspective. In the chapter, we argue that many people do not necessarily engage with their identities most of the time and explore why they do in certain kinds of jobs and in particular situati