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Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om ett fullgott juridiskt ramverk i syfte att skydda den arktiska regionen redan är etablerat, eller om ytterligare juridiska instrument behöver tillkomma för att så ska vara fallet. Frågan diskuteras med bakgrund av det faktum att den arktiska isen smälter i en hög takt, och att framtiden för regionen sannolikt kommer att se väldigt annorThe main purpose of this thesis is to examine whether or not the legal framework to govern the Arctic can be said to be in place already, or if additional judicial measures need to be taken, given the future that awaits the region as a result of the ongoing rapid ice melt. For many decades, or even centuries, it was the common perception that the Arctic would remain permanently ice-covered, and be

Sammanfattning Instansordningsprincipen är en förvaltningsrättslig princip som huvudsakligen medför att parterna i ett förvaltningsmål är förhindrade att tillföra nytt processmaterial i högre instanser. Principen är, emellertid, inte uttryckligen lagstadgad i Förvaltningsprocesslagen (1971:291), FPL. Istället är det upp till förvaltningsdomstolarna att tolka de uttalande som finns i förarbetena tiSummary The principle of the court hierachy is a principle within administrative law whose intention is to prevent the parties to add new case material in the higher instances. The principle, however, is not explicitly stated in the Administrative Court Procedure Act (1971: 291), FPL. Instead, the administrative courts are given the task to interpret various statements contained in the legislative

When the United Nations was created in 1945, states were the only significant decision-makers. Even with the construction of the human rights regime in the aftermath of the Second World War, states were designated as the only duty-bearers who could violate international human rights law. States alone were held responsible for implementing human rights principles by enforcing treaty-based obligatio

When a child is diagnosed with diabetes, the symptoms may be in its most severe form with ketoacidosis, to mild symptoms of diabetes, detected incidentally. Moderate and severe symptoms of diabetes presentation require infusion therapy and thereby necessitate hospitalisation for the first few days. The initial management is largely a preparation for family members to help them gain the practical u

Atmospheric aerosol samples from a boreal forest (Hyytiala, April 2007), a rural site in Hungary (K-puszta, summer 2008), a polluted rural area in Italy (San Pietro Capofiume, Po Valley, April 2008), a moderately polluted rural site in Germany located on a meadow (Melpitz, May 2008), a natural park in Spain (Montseny, March 2009) and two urban background locations (Zurich, December 2008, and Barce

BACKGROUND: Following the economic crisis in Greece in 2010, the country's ongoing austerity measures include a substantial contraction of health-care expenditure, with reports of subsequent negative health consequences. A comprehensive evaluation of mortality and morbidity is required to understand the current challenges of public health in Greece.METHODS: We used the results of the Global Burden

BACKGROUND: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare neurovisceral disease characterised by progressive neurological degeneration, where the rate of neurological disease progression varies depending on age at neurological onset. We report longitudinal data on functional disease progression and safety observations in patients in the international NPC Registry who received continuous treatment w

Background: Dietary risks today constitute the largest proportion of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally and in Sweden. An increasing number of people today consume highly processed foods high in saturated fat, refined sugar and salt and low in dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. It is important that dietary trends over time are monitored to predict changes in disease risk. Methods:

BACKGROUND: The risk of spinal haematoma in patients receiving epidural catheters is estimated using routine coagulation tests, but guidelines are inconsistent in their recommendations on what to do when results indicate slight hypocoagulation. Postoperative patients are prone to thrombosis, and thromboelastometry has previously shown hypercoagulation in this setting. We aimed to better understand

Importance: Aortic stiffness, as assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, is an independent predictor of future events in individuals with hypertension. Recent data suggest a predictive role of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) calculated by previously published equations using age and blood pressure in future events in individuals with hypertension. Objective: To investigate whether eP

The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase,

Abstract: Bladder cancer is a heterogenous disease, ranging from minimally invasive, low-grade tumours with lowrecurrence rates and mortality on one end of the spectrum, and muscle invasive, high-grade disease prone torecurrence, progression and death at the other end.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the expression, clinicopathological correlates and prognostic significanceof the candidat

Reliable quantification of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), including that of their trends and uncertainties, is essential to monitoring the progress in mitigating anthropogenic emissions under the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of estimates for all anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks of CO2 for the European Un

In the wake of the arrival of cloud computing, future applications are poised to become more resilient and adaptive by embracing elasticity in an osmotic manner. Although cloud computing is a strong attractor for application developers, thereare still unconquered performance frontiers. Latency-sensitive and missioncritical applications make up a significant portion of all software systems, and the

Aerosol particles, small solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas, are found everywhere in the atmosphere. Air pollution from such particles, mainly soot from combustion-derived activity is a leading cause of premature deaths in the world and have a large effect on the climate. Aerosol particles can interact with climate-related processes in the atmosphere either directly by absorbing or refle

Background: Out of Hospital Cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivors with ST elevation (STE) with or without shockable rhythms often benefit from coronary angiography (CAG) and, if indicated, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the benefits of CAG and PCI in OHCA survivors with nonshockable rhythms (PEA/asystole) and no STE are debated. Methods: Using the International Cardiac Arrest Registr

This doctoral thesis consists of four independent research papers. All papers are empirical and cover the area of financial market risk, with a particular focus on systemic risk and volatility in financial markets.The first paper analyzes the joint effect of centrality and other characteristics that are essential in determining banks’ systemic importance. Specifically, centrality is treated as a

Background: Ice hockey players often undergo arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS); however, only a few studies have reported postoperative patient-reported outcomes. It has been debated whether player position is related to FAIS. Purpose: To evaluate the change in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in high-level ice hockey players from presurgery to 2 year

Different approaches have been used for translation of the EAT–Lancet reference diet into dietary scores that can be used to assess health and environmental impact. Our aim was to compare the different EAT–Lancet diet scores, and to estimate their associations with all-cause mortality, stroke incidence, and greenhouse gas emissions. We did a systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021286597) to identify

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are used in a range of industrial applications and have largely replaced previously used gases (CFCs and HCFCs). HFCs are not ozone-depleting but have large global warming potentials and are, therefore, reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here, we use four independent inverse models to estimate European emissions of the two HFCs