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This paper treats four saxicolous species of Caloplaca occurring mainly in subtropical or semiarid regions in North and Central America, C. baueri, C. cinnabarina, C. rosei, and C. rubelliana. These species are mainly characterized by 1) a continuous to cracked areolate thallus, 2) thallus without marginal lobes, 3) areole margins broadly attached to the substrate, 4) cortex distinctly paraplecten
The basic bound on the generalisation error of a PAC learner makes the assumption that a consistent hypothesis exists. This makes it appropriate to apply the method only in the case where we have a guarantee that a consistent hypothesis can be found, something that is rarely possible in real applications. The same problem arises if we decide not to use a hypothesis unless its error is below a pres
Far from being an extinct phenomenon, piracy still exists in the modern world and is a growing menace to the security and safety of shipping. Using the data on attacks against vessels reported between 1996 and 2005 merged with the data on the total world merchant fleet, this article inquires whether acts of piracy are a truly random occurrence. Results show that both flag of registry and type of v
A certain formalization of Analogical Morphology is shown to be undecidable by reduction of Post's Correspondence Problem.
The presence of birds in an ecosystem is often a good indicator of the overall biodiversity. Since birds can be hard to see, their sounds are often used instead to measure their presence. To automatically detect birds the most common method is to use a time-frequency representation together with a convolutional neural network. The most used time-frequency representation is called the spectrogram.
The role of massive stars (those with masses greater than eight solar masses) in the chemical enrichment of galaxies and renewed star formation forms an important field of fundamental research in modern astrophysics. The complex nature of massive star evolution produces formidable challenges in furthering our understanding of the processes driving massive star evolution. Our ever-changing picture
The purpose of this study is to research how consumers adopt discourses to make sense of their experiences with brand co-creation on social media platforms. We wish to bring forward how the interactions of the stakeholders involved in the co-creation process affects the consumers, through the theoretical lens of governmentality and exploitation. The literature review outlines the conversation tha
This thesis investigates the value relevance of accounting metrics in the Nordic stock markets from 2018 to 2022, applying and extending the Ohlson equity valuation model. Given the increasing importance of intangible assets in modern economies, we also explore how traditional accounting metrics explain stock prices, particularly for companies with high intangible asset ratios. Using a deductive r
The strongest constraint on Vtb presently comes from the 3 × 3 unitarity of the CKM matrix, which fixes Vtb to be very close to one. If unitarity is relaxed, current information from top production at Tevatron still leaves open the possibility that Vtb is sizably smaller than one. In minimal extensions of the standard model with extra heavy quarks, the unitarity constraints are much weaker, and th
Background The importance of services is increasing, and companies need well-developed service contracts to ensure the service providers perform at a satisfying level. In contracts, performance-dependent rewards (incentives) can be used to stimulate the agent to act desirably. This master thesis focuses on E.ON New Solutions B2C, who offers solar panel installations to residential customers. They
HAMLET (human -lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a complex of human -lactalbumin and oleic acid (C18:1:9 cis) that kills tumor cells by an apoptosis-like mechanism. Previous studies have shown that a conformational change is required to form HAMLET from -lactalbumin, and that a partially unfolded conformation is maintained in the HAMLET complex. This study examined if unfolding of -lactal
There is great potential to apply energy recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to achieve better energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions abatement. However, in most of the wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas through sludge digestion, there is no thermal energy recovery or electricity generation, and the biogas is flared and wasted, particularly in developing
