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We have studied a method for making microbial cells transparent by immersing them in a solution with a high refractive index (RI). When the RI of the solution was matching that of the cells, light scattering was greatly diminished (by a factor of up to about 100) and the cell suspension became transparent, facilitating the spectrophotometric determination of intracellular compounds such as hemoglo

Background: Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is common and incurs significant cost to individuals and society. Healing following direct nerve repair or repair with autograft is slow and can be incomplete. Several bioengineered nerve wraps or devices have become available as an alternative to direct repair or autologous nerve graft. Nerve wraps attempt to reduce axonal escape across a direct repai

This study focuses on one of the critical design parameters of lean premixed (LPM) combustors-the air split ratio (ASR) between the pilot and main stages. The effect of the air split ratio on thermoacoustic instability is experimentally studied based on a centrally staged model combustor. It is found that the thermoacoustic instability is suppressed with the ASR higher than 20%. The acoustic modes

Numerous applications of membrane processes are feasible in pulp mills. The challenges inherent in these applications vary. High pH and high temperature call for ceramic membranes when treating spent pulping liquors, whereas low-cost membranes are needed when treating dilute process streams in mechanical pulp mills. Ultrafiltration has been used to recover lignosulphonate in sulphite pulp mills fo

This study investigated the influence of target probability on the neural response to target detection in free viewing visual search. Participants were asked to indicate the number of targets (one or two) among distractors in a visual search task while EEG and eye movements were co-registered. Target probability was manipulated by varying the set size of the displays between 10, 22, and 30 items.

Aims: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as three consecutive miscarriages, is a multifaceted problem whose resolution needs a broad approach. In this thesis, epidemiology, immunology, treatment and obstetrical outcomes areexplored. The aims are as follows: To establish the incidence of the diagnosis of RPL in the National Patient Register (NPR) in Sweden from 2003 to 2012 (Paper I). To evalu

This report includes a description of a newly developed simulation tool for energy mapping of different paper drying processes. The simulation tool includes models for three different types of paper dryers and for a coating station and various units used for heat recovery. The models were developed in the block oriented simulation program Extend. The Extend software is briefly described and the eq

Syftet med denna uppsats är att anlägga ett de lege ferenda-perspektiv på kärandens möjligheter att ändra sitt yrkande i dispositiva tvistemål i första instans. Ett de lege ferenda-perspektiv förutsätter i sin tur en utredning och analys av gällande rättsläge för att utröna eventuella behov av ändrad lagstiftning i framtiden. Taleändringsfrågan regleras i 13 kap. 3§ Rättegångsbalken (RB) och huvThe purpose of this thesis is to adopt a de lege ferenda-perspective on the possibilities of the plaintiff to amend his or her claim in an optional civil action in the first instance. For a de lege ferenda-perspective to fill its purpose, one must initially clarify and analyze the current legal position. Thus, it will be possible to determine whether there is a need for clearer or better legislati

Background Today’s diffusion of innovation theories are primarily based on the studies conducted up until 1991, which means that they have not taken the new Internet economies into consideration. When considering the enormous impact the Internet has had since its introduction, it stands to reason that there has also been an impact on how innovations diffuse in the marketplace. Problem definition A

Våld och hot som riktas mot polis, ambulanssjukvårdare och räddningstjänstper-sonal har ökat och blivit grövre under de senaste åren. I uppsatsen undersökts i vilken mån så kallad blåljuspersonal omfattas av det förstärkta straffrättsliga skyddet i 17 kap. 1-5 §§ brottsbalken. De straffrättsliga bestämmelserna omfattar våld eller hot om våld mot tjänstemän och innebär ett utökat straffrättsligt skThreats and violence directed toward the police, fire and ambulance service (Blue Light Staff) has recent years increased and is even of a more serious nature. In this thesis I examine the extent to which the emergency service are covered by the strengthened legislation in Chapter 17 §§ 1-5 of the Swedish Criminal Code (SCC). The criminal law provisions include violence and threats of violence aga

This is a thesis on the Gê language of Xokleng and its means of subordination. This work is based on previous publication on the Xokleng language (Urban 1985, Gakran 2005, Gakran 2015). In this highly isolation language with almost no inflection, a large set of grammatical and lexical monosyllabic particles are used to express TAM(E). The most obvious grammatical particle is the sentence final mar

I svensk rättspraxis rörande narkotikabrott har brottsrubriceringsfrågor och straffvärdebedömning länge utgått från resonemang om art och mängd narkotika. Genom Mefedrondomen, som meddelades av HD i juni 2011, initierades en praxisomläggning som innebar att art och mängd narkotika i fortsättningen skulle tillmätas mindre betydelse vid grövre narkotikabrottslighet. För ringa narkotikabrott och narkIn the Swedish case law concerning drug related crimes the classification of the crime and assessments of penal value primarily is based on arguments about the nature and amount of the drug in question. By Mefedrondomen (the mephedrone ruling), announced in June 2011, the Supreme Court initiated a practice shift which meant that the nature and amount of drugs would be accorded less importance in r

Nödvärn är en ansvarsfrihetsgrund som stadgas i 24 kap. 1 § BrB och innebär att en otillåten gärning rättfärdigas. Om gärningsmannen vid en nödvärnssituation brukar större våld eller förorsakar svårare skada än vad nödvärn tillåter kan personen gå fri från ansvar om omständigheterna var sådana att denne svårligen kunde besinna sig. Detta följer av nödvärnsexcess som stadgas i 24 kap. 6 § BrB. Vid Self-defense is the base of a discharge system explained in chapter 24 paragraph 6 of the Swedish Penal code, which impose that an unauthorized act can be justified. If a self-defense situation occurs and a person cause greater violence or more damage than it allows, the person may avoid responsibility if the circumstances were such that he could hardly control himself. This is called excessive se

Food consumption is one of the main areas of concern if we should become successful in creating a sustainable future. However, there are diverse views on what sustainability is, and consumers have varied knowledge and commitment to consuming sustainable food. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the impact of consumer understanding of food labels on sustainable purchase behaviour and to explor

Within the context of the European Union Competition Law, a master's thesis entitled "Data as a Barrier to Entry and an Essential Facility: Law & Economics Analysis" conducts an in-depth investigation of the function that data plays in relation to competition law. The idea that data might be a valuable asset in the contemporary digital economy is presented in the very first part

Barnfridsbrottet i 4 § 3 kap. BrB är ett relativt nytt brott i svensk lagstiftning då det trädde i kraft 1 juli 2021. Lagstiftarens avsikt med bestämmelsen var att uppmärksamma barn som lever i miljöer där våld och andra brottsliga gärningar förekommer och låta deras röster höras genom hela den rättsliga processen. Forskning visar att barn som upplever våld mellan närstående är särskilt skadligt fThe criminalization of letting children witness violence or other crimes in Section 4, Chapter 3 in the Swedish Criminal Code is a relatively new offence as it came into force on 1 July 2021. The legislator's intention with this provision was to draw attention to children living in environments where violence and other criminal acts occur. Research shows that children who experience domestic v

Det har länge varit en självklarhet att sexualbrott är egenhändiga brott, något som under de senaste åren börjat luckras upp. Förändring har öppnat upp för möjligheten för svenska domstolar att döma gärningsmän för sexualbrott på distans; alltså när de begått sexuella övergrepp på internet. Det görs med hänvisning till formuleringen i brottsbalkens sjätte kapitel, om det med hänsyn till kränkningeFor a long time, it has been a certainty that sexual assaults are self-inflicted crimes. This matter, however, has begun to change. This has presented the possibility for Swedish courts to convict perpetrators of sexual offenses from a distance; that is, when the offense has occurred on the internet. The wording of the sixth chapter of the Penal Code makes this possible, if the act can be compared

EU:s mervärdesskattesystem är idag uppbyggt kring destinationslandsprincipen, vilket innebär att försäljning till annat land inom EU inte påläggs någon skatt. Mervärdesskatt upptas istället i destinationslandet. Detta var till en början tänkt som en övergångs-ordning. Den slutliga ordningen för mervärdesbeskattningens vidkommande var tänkt att baseras på ursprungslandsprincipen, där skatt läggs påThe European VAT system is built around the destination principle, which means that intra-community sales are exempt from taxation. Instead VAT is collected in the buyers member state. This system is in fact an interim system, and according to art. 402 of the VAT directive must be replaced by a system based on the origin principle. This would mean that VAT is also levied on intra-community sales b

The concept of a customer order decoupling point (CODP) has been discussed since 1984. The CODP refers to the point in the supply chain at which a product is linked to a specific customer. Consequently, make to stock (MTS), assemble to order (ATO), make to order (MTO), purchase and make to order (PMTO), andengineer to order (ETO) all refer to different positions of the CODP. The CODP separates the

The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is commonly used to improve the hydrophobic of the gas diffusion layer (GDL). In this study, impacts of PTFE content and piecewise/linear gradient distributions on the transport behavior of liquid water were numerically studied by using a multiphase lattice Boltzmann method. A two-dimensional microstructure of the GDL was reconstructed by stochastic algorithm. Th