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I denna uppsats undersöks lagligheten hos unilaterala ekonomiska sanktioner inom folkrätten. Slutsatsen nås att ekonomiska sanktioner upprättade av FN:s säkerhetsråd i enlighet med kapitel VII i FN-stadgan, såväl som motåtgärder instiftade inom ramen för kriterierna etablerade av ILC, är att an-ses som lagliga såtillvida de inte bryter mot proportionalitetsprincipen eller gällande reglering för upThis thesis explores the legality of unilateral economic sanctions in international law. It concludes that economic sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, as well as countermeasures taken by states in accordance with established ILC criteria, are lawful when adhering to the principle of proportionality and aligning with human rights regulations. However,

Purpose: To investigate whether the ambitiousness of sustainability performance target and/or issuer sustainability profile have an influence on Sustainability-Linked Bond (SLB) yield spreads. Methodology: The utilized econometric approach is OLS regressions on a cross-sectional data. The regressions use yield spreads as dependent variables, a self-constructed ambitiousness proxy, Average Annual

Various studies on clientelism usually start from a common puzzle: Why is campaign clientelism widely practised by politicians even when they have no means of ensuring reciprocity from the voters? Similarly, why is campaign clientelism widespread amongst voters despite its numerous negative consequences on societies, democracy, and development? These puzzles have motivated my research, where I att

Reinforcement is an important process of speciation that may occur when recently diverged lineages come into secondary contact and hybridize. If interspecific mating is costly, selection favors mechanisms that reduce maladaptive hybridization, actively increasing prezygotic isolation between populations and completing speciation. A pattern of reproductive character displacement (RCD) is often used

This thesis investigates how impact assessment can contribute to organisational learning and whether there are ways to enhance it. To answer these questions, the research takes a form of a qualitative case study carried out in collaboration with the non-profit organisation Reach for Change which represents a single case. The research data is drawn from two primary sources of evidence: organisation

We aim to provide a long-term ecological analysis of land-use and floristic diversity in the transition from traditional to modern land-use management in the time a.d. 1800-2008 in southern Sweden. We use the Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model to quantify land-cover changes on a regional scale at 20-year intervals, based on the fossil pollen record. Florist

The effect of glucose and oxygen limitation on the growth and fermentation performances of Dekkera bruxellensis was investigated in order to understand which factors favour its propagation in ethanol or wine plants. Although D. bruxellensis has been described as a facultative anaerobe, no growth was observed in mineral medium under complete anaerobiosis while growth was retarded under severe oxyge

Mutations in the CETP gene resulting in defective CETP activity have been shown to cause remarkable elevations of plasma HDL-C levels, with the accumulation in plasma of large, buoyant HDL particles enriched in apolipoprotein E. Genetic CETP deficiency thus represents a unique tool to evaluate how structural alterations of HDL impact on HDL atheroprotective functions. Aim of the present study was

Today’s work environment is currently undergoing radical changes and although the aware-ness of social collaboration is growing within organizations, they still struggle with the digital transformation and thereby with the integration of Enterprise Social Network (ESN). Our study aims to investigate the role of ESN within the todays’ organizations. Specifically, it intends to build on previous res

I denna artikel analyseras möteskulturer och mötesstrider mellan olika professionella i ungdomsvården, samt det starka engagemang som ägnas åt dessa möten. Artikeln bygger på en studie av ett samverkansprojekt i ungdomsvården där ett antal samordnare anställdes. Det visade sig att dessa efter hand kom att upprätthålla en administrativ hållning gentemot varandra, vilket satte det direkt arbetet medThis article concerns a large evaluation of a project concerning Swedish juvenile care. The project were set up as a “care-chain” involving various authorities, and a number of coordinators were employed to facilitate youngsters’ “after-care” when they had left the special approved homes of The National Board of Institutional Care. Even though the original goals of the project stated that the coor

Background. The use of central venous lines carries a significant risk for serious complications and high economic costs. Lately, the peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) has gained in popularity due to presumed advantages over other central venous lines. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify scientific evidence justifying the use of PICC. Material and method

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: I Bellinga stenbrott, beläget på Romeleåsens sydöstra del i Skåne, har torv hittats. Torven var täckt av morän som den senaste istiden lämnade efter sig. Kol-14-datering användes för att bestämma torvens ålder. Det finns en begränsning i hur gammalt ett organiskt material kan vara för att kunna dateras och därför kunde kol-14-dateringsanalysen endast säga att toIn the Bellinga quarry, located on the southeastern part of the horst Romeleåsen in Scania, southern Sweden, a sub-till organic deposit has been discovered. 14C-dating gave the deposit an age of > 48 000 BP. This means that the deposit could have been deposited either during the Wechselian glacial, the Eemian interglacial or even earlier. A pollen analysis and a macrofossil analysis were performed

Ex gratia betyder ”av nåd” och är en ersättning som regeringen kan bevilja utan att det finns lagstöd för rätt till ersättning. Det finns flera anledningar till en sådan ersättningsform. Det kan ex. vara så att samhället har ändrat värderingar och att en tidigare lagstiftning har drabbat vissa individer på ett sådant sätt att samhället i efterhand vill ta ansvar och genom en ekonomisk ersättning fEx gratia means ”of mercy” and can be granted by the government when they find it motivated to compensate individuals economically even though the individual has no rightful legal claim. Such compensation is motivated by various reasons. For instance it can be that society has gone through a change of values and that previous legislation as a result has affected some individuals in such a way that

Abstract We studied the effects of UV-A radiation and predatory fish on mantle pigmentation of freshwater snails Radix balthica. The results showed that UV radiation and fish chemical cue induce larger ratios of pigmented area on mantle, respectively and when combined. UV radiation and predatory fish chemical cue seem to affect mantle pigmentation independently. The ratios (0~100%) of pigmented ma

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer is the most common kind of cancer among women in Sweden. While the short- to mid-term survival chances are good, the long-term survival chances are poor, and a large number of women are also likely being overtreated and thus suffer from unnecessary side effects. The South Sweden Cancerome Analysis Network - Breast (SCAN-B) Initiative aims at improving breast ca

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe inter-professional team collaboration inside Swedish family centres. When the idea for this study formed, the impression could be gathered that family centres are depending on the professionals’ collaboration, since they are organisationally divided. One may perceive less positive consequences for the families whom are visiting the family c

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Naturbetesmarkerna minskade med 86,7% från 1927 till 1990. Denna minskning är alarmerande eftersom många idag hotade och sällsynta arter är beroende av dessa. En stor del av anledningen till detta är att staten ända in på 1980-talet i sin rådgivning danade för att dessa marker antingen skulle bearbetas med konstgödsel och ogräsbekämpning eller planteras med trädThe rural landscape of Sweden has changed rapidly during the 20:th century. Measurements from 1927 compared to those from 1990 show that the area of non managed pasture in Sweden has declined by 86.7 %. Since a lot of threatened and rare species are dependent of this kind of land, these figures are alarming. During the last 30-40 years non managed pasture has declined due to abandonment, tree plan

Abstract The purpose of this study was dual. First, I aimed to examine primary care counsellors’ attitudes towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Socialstyrelsen’s recommendation that CBT should be the main treatment option for depression and anxiety disorders. Second, I aimed to explore the counsellors’ discretion in their daily work and whether these recommendations limit their discreti

This article describes and analyzes the Euro cash changeover process. The European Monetary Union, EMU, is a unique event in history, although other monetary unions were formed and existed long before. Still, this giant experiment makes it possible to study changes in the monetary environment from a unique and new position. The article tries to find factors that can help to explain the different p

The effect of kinship on growth and use of space by individually PIT-tagged 1+ brown trout was studied for 11 weeks in eight stream enclosures. Each enclosure consisted of two sections, separated by a region containing PIT-detecting antennae, which enabled us to measure use of sections by all individuals. Two types of sibling groups were tested, a single sibling group, F1, consisting of four indiv