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Popular Abstract in Swedish Analysen av källornas uppgifter om uppbyggnadsfasen av de väpnade styrkorna under Muhammad och hans efterföljare kaliferna fram till 680 ger vid handen, att vi här har att göra med en organisation som stod på en likvärdig nivå med sina fiender i ledningsmässigt, strategiskt och taktiskt hänseende. Angreppet på de östromerska provinserna Palestina I-III och Arabia visar In the present work I have studied how the armed forces under Muhammad and the first caliphs were built up and how they operated in the period 622-80. The perspective is that of the history of religion and strategic theory, and comparisons are made with both contemporary and more recent material. The concept of "Strategic surprise attack" formed an important part of the campains that the generals

Skadliga marina arter invaderar idag främmande habitat och ekosystem med en extrem hastighet. Dessa arter har haft en mycket stor negativ inverkan på många sårbara ekosystem runt om i världen och barlastvatten har identifierats som en av de största faktorerna bakom den snabba spridningen. Idag är den vanligaste åtgärden för att lösa problemet att byta barlastvatten ute till havs för att göra sig aHarmful aquatic species are today invading foreign habitats at an unprecedented pace. They have had a large negative impact on many fragile ecosystems of the world and ballast water has been identified as one the major culprits behind their fast spread. Today, the most common remedy used to combat the problem is exchanging ballast water in the open ocean to get rid of any organisms with the potent

In this thesis, we address three main security problems related to cryptography andcloud storage. To tackle the challenge posed by a quantum computer, we needencryption that is resistant to quantum computers. This category of cryptographyis called post-quantum cryptography. In the first paper, we solve a challengein one of the lattice-based cryptographic protocols called Nth-degree Truncatedpolyno

Titanium alloys are known for being difficult to machine. Within the groups of Ti alloys, the machinability is reduced when going from the α-alloys, to α + β, and finally to near-β or β-alloys. Uncoated cemented carbide is traditionally used for machining these alloys and finding a suitable coating to improve the performance is a challenge due to the high strength of Ti alloys and the high chemica

BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) reflects longitudinal left ventricular (LV) systolic function, and wall thickening (WT) regional radial LV function. The temporal evolution of these measures after STEMI with CMR has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate how AVPD and WT are affected globally and regionally from the sub-acute to the chronic phase after ST-elevation myocar

Avhandlingen har titeln ”Konsten att upprätthålla löneskillnader mellan kvinnor och män” och är en rättssociologisk studie av vad som stått i vägen för likalöneprincipen, när internationella konventioner och EU-rätten medfört krav på förändringar av kollektivavtal och lagstiftning. Avhandlingens syfte har varit att undersöka och förstå hur löneskillnader mellan kvinnor och män skapas och återskapaThis dissertation, entitled “The Art of Preserving the Gender Pay Gap,” is a study in the sociology of law. It examines the obstructions to the principle of equal pay that persist in the face of international conventions and EU legislation that have mandated changes to legislation and collective bargaining agreements. The dissertation seeks to investigate and explain how the pay gap between women

In Sweden the installed wind power has increased rapidly in recent years and the trend looks to continue. New law, in which Svenska Kraftnät will lend investment capital for expansion of grid capacity to renewable energy, will facilitate the connection of wind power plants to E.ON’s regional grid network. With more wind power connected to the grid network losses will look different.In this report,

Glaciärer har visat sig vara känsliga för klimatologiska förändringar i sitt närområde och deras känslighet sträcker sig över flera olika tidsskalor. Glaciärerna har därför kommit att användas som indikatorer på både pågående och förhistoriska klimatförändringar. För att glaciärerna ska kunna spegla klimatet så krävs emellertid tillförlitliga mätmetoder av glaciärernas massa. I avsikt att återge gGlaciers integrate variations in climate over several different time scales and are thus used as indicators of both present and past climate change. It is however of importance to be able to correctly measure changes in the glaciers mass over time (the glaciers mass-balance), if one wishes to use the glaciers as climate indicators. The mass-balance of a glacier is a direct result of the glaciers a

With the book The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, published in 1959, takes the researcher Edith Penrose the first step towards what will later be known as the resource based view. Many scholars have since taken up where Penrose left and has further developed the approach to something that can now be described as almost a philosophy. Today is the resource based view synonymous with an internal fo

Den ökade andelen kapital som riktas mot hållbar utveckling genom att med offentliga medel frigöra privata investeringar i utvecklingsprojekt genomförda av privata aktörer kan, vid en första anblick, verka som ett framgångsrikt resultat av mobiliseringen av nödvändiga finansiella medel för att uppnå Agenda 2030 och de globala hållbarhetsmålen. Inkluderingen av den privata sektorn att bidra till, The increased allocation of capital that is being directed towards sustainable development through the unlocking of private investments with the use of public funds into private sector-led development projects might, at first, seem as a successful outcome of the necessary mobilization of funds for the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, including the SDGs. The invitation of the private sector into so

I april 2019 utfärdades direktiv 2019/790, mer känt som DSM-direktivet. Art. 17 i direktivet riktar sig mot leverantörer av delningsplattformar: stora digitala plattformar där användare laddar upp och delar upphovsrättsligt material, ofta utan tillstånd från rättighetshavarna. Art. 17 gör delningsplattformsleverantörerna ansvariga för användarnas upphovsrättsintrång om de inte erhåller rättighetshIn April 2019, the EU issued directive 2019/790, better known as the DSM Directive. Art. 17 of this directive applies to online providers of content sharing platforms: large, digital platforms, where the users upload and share copyright protected content, often without the rightsholder’s permission. Art. 17 DSM Directive holds the platform providers liable for the users’ copyright infringements, u

På senare år har mängden produkter utrustade med sensorer och nätverks-funktioner ökat och fortsätter att öka. Dessa produkter, del av Sakernas Internet (IoT), möjliggör nya sätt för produkter avsedda för privat bruk att gå sönder och orsaka person- och sakskada. På EU nivå reglerar produktansvarsdirektivet (PLD) tillverkarens strikta ansvar för skador på andra produkter än den felande produkten sThe number of products equipped with sensor and network capabilities has risen in recent years and continues to increase. These products, part of the Internet of Things (IoT), bring about new ways for products intended for private use to malfunction and cause personal injury and property damage. In the EU, the Product Liability Directive (PLD) regulates producers’ strict liability for damage to ot

En följd av den nya lagen (2014:307) om straff för penningtvättsbrott har varit att ett flertal myndigheter, i diverse rapporter, riktat kritik mot att det råder brist på rättspraxis avseende straffvärdebedömningar i mål om penningtvättsbrott. Utöver dessa myndighetspublikationer är litteraturen om den straffrättsliga regleringen av penningtvättsbrott knapphändig. Det har därför varit av intresse The novel Act regarding penalties for money laundering offences (2014:307) has been criticized by a number of authorities. This, due to the fact that judicial precedent about penal assessment in cases of money laundering offence is scarce. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence in the literature concerning the new legislation. Therefore, it has been interesting as a part of my essay to study how

Victoria Persson Abstract Mussel cultivation is a sustainable type of food production that may help mitigate the nutritional needs of a future world population of 10-12 billion in 2100. The demand for mussels on the French market is increasing but the production is saturated due to a lack of space for expanding the cultivation close to shore. This study looked at offshore possibilities for cult

Background: The fashion industry is one of the world’s largest and most creative sectors in the retail industry, but also one of the most polluting industries globally. More and more clothes are produced than it is needed, and this has been a usual process in the fashion industry to meet consumers’ needs. Consumers can also be responsible for the environmental degradation, even though most of the

Background: The fashion industry is one of the world’s largest and most creative sectors in the retail industry, but also one of the most polluting industries globally. More and more clothes are produced than it is needed, and this has been a usual process in the fashion industry to meet consumers’ needs. Consumers can also be responsible for the environmental degradation, even though most of the

Alla svenska medborgare är garanterade yttrandefrihet gentemot det allmänna. Detta skydd återfinns i såväl svenska grundlagar som i de internationella konventioner som Sverige har antagit. Arbetstagare som har det offentliga som arbetsgivare åtnjuter en högre grad av skydd än de arbetstagare som är verksamma i den privata sektorn. Detta beror på att YGL samt TF är direkt tillämpliga gentemot dessaAll Swedish citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech against the State. This protection can be found in both the Swedish constitution and in international conventions which Sweden has adopted. Workers who are employed in the public sector enjoy a higher degree of protection than the workers employed in the private sector. This is because the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression and the Act on

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Drunkningsrisk för skogen? Att mängden vatten i marken är viktig för att granen ska kunna ha så god tillväxt som möjligt är ingen nyhet. Är det för fuktigt drunknar rötterna, på grund av att de inte får en tillräckligt mycket syre. I denna studie har två markberedningsmetoder, högläggning och ingen markberedning, jämförts för att se vilket alternativ som är mestNorway spruce is a coniferous tree with many different fields of application. For an example, they are used as Christmas trees, decoration and as timber or pulpwood. The reason why many foresters in Sweden tend to choose spruce as their main species for plantation is partly because of their fast growth rate and partly because the main products are derived from the actual tree trunks. In the forest

Detta examensarbete utreder frågan om huruvida livstidsstraffet ska avskaffas eller behållas i Sverige. När det är klarlagt besvaras frågan om vad livstidsstraffet i så fall ska ersättas med. För att förstå livstidsstraffets utformning börjar uppsatsen med en genomgång av hur straffsanktionerna har utvecklats i Sverige: från medeltidens bötesstraff, genom stormaktstidens hårda kroppsbestraffningarThis thesis investigates the question of whether the sentence of life imprisonment should be abolished or retained. The second question that is examined is what life imprisonment in that case should be replaced with. To understand the existence of the life sentence, the essay begins with an examination of how criminal sanctions have been developed in Sweden: from the fines in the Middle Ages and t

The regulation of the European parliament and the Council (EG) nr. 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations is known as Rome II. Rome II contains a conflict rule in art. 7 which determines the law applicable to a claim involving environmental damages connected with more than one state. This conflict rule does not only apply to cases of damage to property and persons, but also