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Normalisering av en byggnads energianvändning med avseende på verksamhetstypen (brukarnas energibruk) och klimat genomförs för att byggnadens energiprestanda ska vara jämförbar med andra byggnader samt för att verifiera att ställda energikrav uppfylls. Metoder för normalisering utarbetades som följd av införandet av Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2010/31/EU av den 19 maj 2010 om byggnaders

För att ett alster ska åtnjuta upphovsrättsligt skydd som ett ‘verk’ enligt den EU-rättsliga upphovsrättsregleringen ska alstret vara originellt på så sätt att det är upphovsmannens egen intellektuella skapelse. Innebörden av detta originalitetskriterium har utvecklats kontinuerligt av EUD, senast i de förenade målen C 580/23 och C 795/23 (Mio). Begreppet ‘verk’ utgör ett självständigt unionsrättsIn order for a subject matter to enjoy copyright protection as a work according to EU copyright law the subject matter must be original, in the sense that it is the author’s own intellectual creation. The meaning of this criteria of originality has been developed continuously by the Court of Justice of the European Union, most recently in Joined Cases, C 580/23 and C 795/23 (Mio). The term work is

The real estate profession is characterized by high demands on availability, irregular working hours and a boundaryless work pattern, in which the boundaries between work and private life are often unclear. Previous research and industry reports suggest that such working conditions can contribute to elevated stress, impaired work-life balance, and reduced psychological well-being. Against this bac

This study examines how financial market uncertainty in North America, measured by the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), affects Eurozone bond markets. The purpose is to analyze the dynamic relationship between the VIX to both government and corporate bonds across different credit ratings, and to assess whether these relationships differ when the bonds are measured as yield-to-maturity (YTM) or option-

År 2022 antogs förordningen Digital Markets Act (DMA) av Europeiska unionen. Syftet är att säkerställa konkurrensbarhet och rättvisa på digitala marknader, särskilt genom att reglera beteendet hos mycket stora företag som kan utnyttja sin ekonomiska ställning till nackdel för konkurrenter. Sådana företag benämns som grindvakter (gatekeepers) enligt DMA och känneteck-nas av sin förmåga att kontrollIn 2022, the Digital Markets Act (DMA) entered into force as a regulation adopted by the European Union with the objective of safeguarding contestability and fairness in digital markets, in particular by addressing the conduct of very large undertakings that are able to leverage their economic position to the detriment of competitors. Such undertakings are designated as “gatekeepers” under the DMA

I Sverige prövas flera tusen mål som handlar om vårdnaden över barn varje år. Oavsett om vårdnaden tillfaller den ena föräldern, den andra eller båda, innebär processen en livsförändrande situation för det barn som står i centrum. Barnets rätt att komma till tals och barnets bästa utgör två grundläggande rättigheter som stadgas i artikel 12 respektive artikel 3 i Förenta nationernas konvention om In Sweden, several thousand cases concerning child custody are adjudicated each year. Regardless of whether custody is awarded to one parent, the other, or jointly, the process represents a profound and often life-altering experience for the child at the center of the dispute. The child’s right to be heard and the principle of the child’s best interests constitute two fundamental rights. They are

When Sweden entered NATO in 2024, 200 years of alliance-freedom was upheaved. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty states that an attack on any of the allied states is to be considered an attack against them all, which means that Swedish soldiers may be deployed in combat on foreign soil. Given that the Swedish Armed Forces have previously only been concerned with protecting their own borders, t

The final day of the conference opened with Albin Thörn Cleland’s presentation, “Hidden Choral Stimuli: The Role of Accent in Aristophanes’ Refrains”. His paper examined the interplay of pitch accent, metre and musical melody across metrically identical refrains in pre-Hellenistic Ancient Greek lyric poetry, an aspect that has long remained relatively obscure and misunderstood. Building on Conser

In probability theory, the assumption of independence between consecutive events is strong. However, when analyzing empirical data, this assumption is often weak or violated. This thesis investigates whether extreme negative daily returns in stock indices occur independently over time. To address this question, self-exciting Hawkes models are applied to extreme negative returns in two stock indice

This study examines the value creation in private equity through looking at the changes of a few chosen metrics, comparing the years before and after acquisitions. Building on previous research into the operational impact of leveraged buyouts in Sweden (Bergström, Grubb & Jonsson), 2009; Nordström 2015) this thesis examines the long-run performance of firms targeted by private equity (PE). Foc

This thesis examines the influence of a foreign-born background on students’ educational choices in Sweden, focusing on the selection between vocational and university preparatory programmes in upper secondary education (gymnasium). Recognising that personal experiences and social contexts shape such decisions, a qualitative methodology was adopted to explore the underlying motivations and influen

This article provides ethnographic insights into how the welfare dilemma of balancing the moral imperative to meet needs with the financial responsibility of allocating limited resources is understood and handled in social work practice. Particular attention is paid to the everyday interaction of managers and social workers within the context of child protection. The analysis draws on interviews aThis article provides ethnographic insights into how the welfare dilemma of balancing the moral imperative to meet needs with the financial responsibility of allocating limited resources is understood and handled in social work practice. Particular attention is paid to the everyday interaction of managers and social workers within the context of child protection. The analysis draws on interviews a

Bakgrund: Fysisk inaktivitet är en riskfaktor för livsstilssjukdomar som hjärt-kärlsjukdomar, typ II-diabetes och fetma, vilka medför utmaningar för folkhälsan och stora samhällskostnader. Cykelpendling är en effektiv form av vardagsmotion för att främja hälsa och elcyklar har vuxit i popularitet, men deras effekter på hälsofaktorer som VO2max, BMI och sömn jämfört med traditionell cykling är ännu

Objective To investigate the extent to which Danish women attending antenatal care plan their pregnancies and to determine the association between pregnancy planning and the intake of folic acid, alcohol consumption and smoking habits prior to conception and before the 16th week of gestation. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 258 women. Main outcome measures: intake of folic acid, alcohol consum

Detta arbete har som sitt främsta syfte att belysa lagregleringen samt avsaknaden av lagreglering gällande beslutanderätt vid gemensam vårdnad. Behandlingen av ämnet inriktar sig på den nuvarande lagstiftningen och därtill föreslagna åtgärder för att förbättra möjligheterna för föräldrar med gemensam vårdnad att bibehålla den gemensamma vårdnaden, trots att det råder meningsskiljaktigheter i en viThe aim of this thesis is to clarify the legal situation regarding Swedish custody law. It also discusses the absence of legal rules in terms of right of decision in joint legal custody. The essay is structured to focus on the current legislation and also to argue proposed measures to improve the opportunities for parents with joint legal custody to maintain the joint legal custody even though the

Internationell dubbelbeskattning uppstår när två stater under samma tidsperiod gör beskattningsanspråk mot samma skattesubjekt och inkomst. Vilket innebär att två länder beskattar samma inkomst därför att skattereglerna är olika utformade i de olika länderna. Vanligtvis finns det ett skatteavtal mellan länderna som reglerar hur en eventuell dubbelbeskattning ska elimineras eller minskas. Credit meInternational double taxation occurs when two states during the same period make tax claims against the same taxpayer and income. This means that two countries tax the same income because the tax rules are designed differently in different countries. Usually there is a tax treaty between the countries prescribing that the potential double taxation shall be eliminated or reduced. Credit method is o

Title: With both feet in a foreign country.Imagine yourself coming from your country to another. Sometimes because of political reasons. You can both feel welcomed and at the same time feel that you don’t belong in this new country. This study is about human identity and the ability to adjust to a new music, culture and language. This study is based on interviews in which the persons I have interv

Den 8 augusti 2018 hittas den hemlösa mannen Gica från Huskvarna död. Två pojkar, 14 och 16 år misstänks för att ha misshandlat Gica till döds, men endast den ena pojken kan åtalas. Den yngre pojken har inte uppnått den lagstadgade straffbarhetsåldern på 15 år, och kan därför inte ådömas en straffrättslig påföljd. Hur gör man bedömningen att barn under en viss ålder inte kan hållas straffrättsligThe eight of august 2018 the homeless man Gica from Huskvarna is found dead. Two boys, 14 and 16 years old are suspected of beating Gica to death, but only one of the boys can be prosecuted. The younger boy has not reached the 15-year boundary for criminal age responsibility and can therefore not be sentenced a criminal sanction. How to assess that children below a certain age can not be held lia