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Valence is a fundamental yet ambiguously defined concept in chemistry, playing a central role in the description of molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity. This thesis examines the quantum mechanical Veryazov valence formula (referred to as the original formula), which determines atomic valence based on density matrix analysis. The aim of this work is to assess the robustness of this valence

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) forms highly deformable aggregates with broad variations in size and morphology, complicating controlled separation and biological analysis. Reliable methods to isolate fractions of GAS clusters with defined properties are essential for studying host–pathogen interactions that depend on cluster size. Here, we present a simple deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) mic

A strategy for the formation of thin reconstituted cellulose films (pure or modified)) with embedded receptors or embedded ion-selective components is reported. Cellulose nanofibril ribbons from sisal of typically 3-5 nm diameter and 250 nm length are reconstituted into thin films of typically 1.5-2.0 μm thickness (or into thicker free-standing films). Cellulose and cellulose nanocomposite films a

We aimed to externally validate five previously published predictive models (Ng score, Triple D score, S3HoCKwave score, Kim nomogram, Niwa nomogram) for shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) single-session outcomes in patients with a solitary stone in the upper ureter. The validation cohort included patients treated with SWL from September 2011 to December 2019 at our institution. Patient-related variable

INTRODUCTION: Remote consultations help reduce contact between people and prevent cross-contamination. Little is known about the changes in consultation in European rural primary care during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of this mixed-methods cross-sectional study was to find out more about the effects of the pandemic on changes in patient consultations in European rural primary

Swedish emergency services still have relatively limited resources and time for proactive fire prevention. Because of this, there is an extensive need for strategic working methods and knowledge to take advantage of spatial analyses. In addition, decision-making based on visualizations and analyses of their own collected data has the potential to increase the validity of strategic decisions. The o

Background: Several studies suggest that circulating biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis are associated with worse prognosis in subjects with atrial fibrillation (AF). Here, we aimed to explore associations between fibrosis biomarkers, prevalent AF, and left atrial volume (LAV) enlargement in subjects with heart failure (HF). Additionally, we evaluated the prognostic impact of fibrotic biomarkers in

När åtal mer eller mindre enbart vilar på målsägandens utsaga, vilket är vanligt vid våldtäktsfall där bevisningen ofta hänförs till uttryck för bristande samtycke eller bristande uppsåt, är det domstolens ansvar att värdera utsagan och avgöra om den uppfyller beviskravet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att granska och analysera hur denna värdering bör utföras samt hur den går till i praktiken. Engelsk rWhen an indictment, more or less, depends on the complainant’s testimony, as it often is in the case of rape when the evidence relates to the issue of consent or mens rea, it is up to the court to evaluate the testimony and decide whether or not it meets the standard of proof. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyse how that evaluation should be performed and how it is currently perfor

In a society where information is increasingly available through digital means, the performance of Swedish students is at a decline. The amount of students with access to their own computer and the internet is higher than any generation before them. Even though the amount of digital teaching tools increase rapidly many still lack the necessary quality to replace traditional teaching tools. An atte

Människans intresse för rymden har alltid varit stort. Man har antagit att andra planetsystem, om de existerar, ser ut som vårt: med mindre stenplaneter i banor närmast stjärnan och gas-samt isjättar i de yttre banorna. Idag känner man till drygt 2 000 exoplaneter, d.v.s., planeter som kretsar kring andra stjärnor än solen. Man vet även att vissa av dem saknar motsvarighet i solsystemet, t. ex., hOver the past two decades many discoveries of exoplanets have been made, which have drawn much attention to extrasolar planetary systems. In this work we study the composition of these systems and search for analogues of the Solar System. We considered the planets in the database at exoplanet.eu. The search of solar-like systems required these planets to be classified. The classification was perf

Den biologiska mångfalden fortsätter att minska trots att det såväl nationellt som internationellt finns en målsättning om att förlusten av den biologiska mångfalden ska hejdas. Idag anses en av de största miljöpolitiska utmaningarna vara att stoppa utarmningen av biologisk mångfald. Skogen utgör livsmiljö för hälften av alla landlevande arter i Sverige och ett hållbart skogsbruk är således livsavBiodiversity is in decline despite international and national goals of preventing this development. Preserving biodiversity is one of today’s greatest environmental policy challenges. Currently, half of all land living species in Sweden live in the forest, therefore a sustainable forestry industry is vital to ensure biodiversity. In fact, half of all red-listed species live in the forest. One of t

Europeiska Unionens system för handel med utsläppsrätter, EU ETS, syftar till att på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt reducera mängden växthusgaser som släpps ut av industriella verksamheter runt om i unionen. Interaktioner med andra styrmedel befaras kunna minska systemets effektivitet, därför har unionen försökt undvika sådana. Trots detta har svenska myndigheter ansett sig både berättigade och motiveThe European Union Emissions Trading System, the EU ETS, is designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by industrial activity across the union in a cost-efficient way. Interactions with other governance instruments could potentially reduce the efficiency of the system. For this reason, the union has tried to avoid these types of interactions. Despite this, Swedish authorities has co

Numerical methods are the norm in modern structural engineering practice Models based on elasticity theory offer powerful methods to analyse complex structural behaviours and accurately predict probable deformation behaviour. Numerical methods in general and particularly finite element methods offer great numerical accuracy. Yet the tendency is that with increased accuracy come the downside of dec

Islamiska Staten har de senaste fem åren orsakat oerhört mycket smärta och sorg. Krigsförbrytelser, brott mot mänskligheten och folkmord ska ha begåtts i de områden rörelsen kontrollerat i Irak och Syrien. Nu när kalifatets sista fästen besegrats står det internationella samfundet inför en ny utmaning; hur och var ska de ansvariga individerna straffas? Vissa politiker har numera hävdat att en IS-tDuring the past five years, the Islamic State has been responsible for a large amount of pain and suffering. War crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide have been committed in the areas the group controlled in Iraq and Syria. Now as the Kalifate’s last strongholds have been defeated, the international community stands before a new task; how and where shall the individuals responsible be punis

Den ökade användningen av läkemedel och otillräcklig teknik i reningsverken har lett till allt större halter av läkemedel och andra organiska mikroföroreningar (OMF) i naturliga vatten. Detta har i sin tur konstaterats påverka exempelvis fiskars beteende och fortplantningsförmåga. OMF har även detekterats i det svenska dricksvattnet. På grund av detta har en satsning skett de senaste åren inom forThe increased use of pharmaceuticals in combination with inadequate techniques and procedures in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have resulted in higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other organic micro pollutants (OMPs) in the aquatic environment. It has been established that these pollutants have caused changes in the behaviour and reproduction of fishes. Furthermore, these OMPs

In May 2018, the Swedish Parliament voted in favor of a Sexual Offense legislation based on voluntariness and the new law came into force on the first of July. In the proposal to change the legislation, the government claimed that a new consent culture must be established. The purpose of the amendments is not only to achieve legal effects but also to achieve societal effects, in terms of influenci

This master thesis presents a suggested Renovation Passport for two typical 1960s single-family houses. Following the recently approved Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EU 2024/1275A), all member states are to implement voluntary Renovation Passports by 2026, which will aid in reaching the 2050 goal of a decarbonized building stock. The aim of Renovation Passports is to provide long-ter