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Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur den internationella humanitära rätten (IHL) ska tillämpas vid cyberkrigföring enligt tolkningen i Tallinnmanualen 2.0. Undersökningen omfattar distinktionsprincipen samt distinktionen mellan civila och kombattanter. Vidare redogör uppsatsen för olika utvecklingsmöjligheter som föreslagits och diskuterats i doktrin och av internationella organisationer. AvslutnThe aim of the essay is to examine the interpretation in the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on how the international humanitarian law (IHL) should be applied on cyber warfare. The examination consist of the principle of distinction and the distinction between civilians and combatants. Further, the essay will introduce different possible suggestions on development proposed and discussed in doctrine and by inte

This study has aimed to investigate and analyze how the Swedish news media portrays young women's roles in criminal gangs moreover how they are perceived as victims and perpetrators. We used a qualitative method to analyze 18 news articles from three of Sweden's biggest newspapers that reach a big audience: Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, and Expressen. The results are analyzed using gender t

Seasonal forecasting is not an easy task to deal with. A number of large scale atmospheric phenomena, e.g. Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Scandinavia (SCA) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect the climate in Sweden and the effect on rivers is an integration of all the complex inter-relation among all these atmospheric phenomena. In this Master thesis, the river discharge from 107 st

A variety of contemporaneous factors contribute to the existence of sustained rural poverty, such as inefficient infrastructure, poor access to markets, difficulty in accessing credit, land tenure issues, gender inequality, lack of crop diversity, unsustainable or unproductive farming practices, and limited access to inputs and technology. With this in mind, integrated approaches to rural developm

Since regaining power in 2014, the Swedish Social Democratic party has pushed a security policy line combining increased spending on the Swedish armed forces and deepened international cooperation while at the same time maintaining the policy of military non-alignment. This tripartite strategy has been nicknamed the “Hultqvist Doctrine" after the current Swedish Minister for Defence. During t

LARO is a treatment method with strong scientific support, among things it is included in being considered "best practice" according to the EU's EMCDDA. However, despite the scientific support, the treatment is perceived as controversial and has received much criticism. The aim of this study was to research what professionals within LARO themselves consider to be the strengths and we

The European Spallation Source ESS, under construction in Lund, Sweden, aims to produce high-brightness and intensity neutrons for a multitude of experiments upon completion. An efficient production of neutrons requires elaborate understanding of the moderation process which slows the neutrons from relativistic speed to a kinetic energy of meV. The moderator used at the ESS will be partially made

Väderprognoser är av stor betydelse för till exempel flygrutter, militära operationer och sjöfart. Flera organisationer tillhandahåller numera inte bara sina väderprognoser öppet, utan delar även med sig av sina prognosdata för nedladdning. Teknisk utveckling och ett större utbud av öppna data möjliggör användning av väder- och prognosdata för både privata och kommersiella ändamål. Egna programmerWeather forecasts are of great significance for instance in planning flight routes, military operations, and seafare. Many organizations today openly provide, not only their forecasts, but their raw data as well. Technological development and a greater availability of open data ensures that both weather- and forecast data can be used for both private and commercial purposes. However, customized ap

Gröna områden i städer, så som parker, alléer och trädgårdar, är mycket mer än bara en trevlig och grön kontrast till den gråa stadsmiljön. De bidrar med flera saker vi ofta tar förgivet i Sverige, bland annat frisk luft, skugga under varma sommardagar och platser för lek såväl som avslapp ning. Tillsammans kallas dessa nyttor för ekosystemtjänster, vilka är livsnödvändiga för oss män niskor såvUrban green spaces provide important ecosystem services that support human well-being and climate adaptation in cities. As urbanisation and densification increases, municipalities face chal lenges in promoting and safeguarding these areas. This study investigates the current methods and tools used by municipalities in southern Sweden to assess urban green spaces with regard to ecosystem service

In the effort to obtain a precise measurement of leptonic CP-violation with the ESSνSB experiment, accurate and fast reconstruction of detector events plays a pivotal role. In this work, we examine the possibility of replacing the currently proposed likelihood-based reconstruction method with an approach based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). As the likelihood-based reconstruction method is reason

Background: Early restitution of electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA) may be able to predict favorable functional outcome after cardiac arrest. SWA can be monitored using the C-Trend Index, a recently developed dynamic numerical index computed using commercially available medical device software. Methods: This is a pre-planned prospective substudy of the randomized controlled Sedati

Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Stora Gråbrödersgatan 17 B | P.O. Box 1155 SE-221 05, Lund, Sweden | Phone +46 46 222 12 00 | www.rwi.lu.se Displacement in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific Regional Launch 2020 Concept Note 1 December 2020, 01.30 pm - 04.00 pm (GMT+7) Location: Bliston Suwan Park View Hotel & Serviced Residence (Ban

https://rwi.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Displacement-in-the-context-of-disasters-and-climate-change-in-Southeast-Asia-launch-Event-Rundown.pdf - 2026-04-24

https://www.historiska.lu.se/media/utbildning/dokument/kurser/HISA30/20121/Litt_A30.pdf - 2026-04-24

Microsoft Word - reglerteknik3.doc Abstract—Återkoppling är centralt för lärandeprocessen. Studenterna behöver få konstruktiv feedback på sina prestationer för att lärandet ska bli effektivt och lyckat. Återkoppling är även ett centralt begrepp inom reglertekniken, där man med hjälp av feedback kan få olika tekniska processer att bete sig på önskat sätt. Vi ställer oss frågan om vilka insikter man

https://www.lth.se/fileadmin/lth/genombrottet/konferens2006/acervin_chohnsson_arobertsson.pdf - 2026-04-24

The trend within fluid industry is towards continuous production, leading to an increasing demand for new and improved methods that allow real-time monitoring of quality parameters and fast process control. The consistency and viscosity can be described by fluid rheology and are frequently used as quality control parameters. Rheological properties can be correlated with product microstructure, the

A general method is presented for patient-specific 3-dimensional absorbed dose calculations based on quantitative SPECT activity measurements. METHODS: The computational scheme includes a method for registration of the CT image to the SPECT image and position-dependent compensation for attenuation, scatter, and collimator detector response performed as part of an iterative reconstruction method. A

A methodology for estimating the carbon balance across Scandinavian forests using remote sensing is presented. By estimating the gross primary production (GPP) and the ecosystem respiration (ER), and thereby, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE), using parameters that are routinely retrieved from satellite, it is possible to implement an operational model for obtaining large scale NEE. GPP is successf

This paper argues that expected utility theory for actions in chancy environments should be formulated in terms of centered chances. The subjective expected utility of an option A may be seen as a weighted sum of the utilities of A in different possible worlds, with weights being the credences that the agent assigns to these worlds. The utility of A in a given world is then definable as a weighted

It is difficult to overestimate Paul Meehl's influence on judgment and decision-making research. His 'disturbing little book' (Meehl, 1986, p. 370) Clinical versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence (1954) is known as an attack on human judgment and a call for replacing clinicians with actuarial methods. More than 40 years later, fast and frugal heuristics

We present a systematic investigation of how the axial ligand in heme proteins influences the geometry, electronic structure, and spin states of the active site, and the energies of the reaction cycles. Using the density functional B3LYP method and medium-sized basis sets, we have compared models with His, His+Asp, Cys, Tyr, and Tyr+Arg as found in myoglobin and hemoglobin, peroxidases, cytochrome