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The EU has over the years tried to implement a common European identity to legitimize its increased sovereignty in Europe. In present time, nationalist movements have been assembling in European countries which seem to contradict the aimed effect of the European identity. This thesis examines the outspoken nationalist group Identity and Democracy in the European Parliament and how they portray the

Water for firefighting is often associated with drinking water, due to fire hydrants. Fire hydrants have been installed in towns for a long time and are one of the most common ways for the rescue service to get hold of water for extinguishing fires. This report evaluates the ways that the rescue service uses their water and how the get continuously water to the fire site. Other extinguishing metho

I dagsläget äger nästan alla vuxna svenskar finansiella instrument. Det är vidare allmänt känt att sparande i finansiella instrument inte är helt riskfritt. För många individer är besparingarna väldigt viktiga, samtidigt som många saknar den kunskap som krävs för att investera i finansiella instrument. Behovet av finansiell rådgivning har därför ökat kraftigt, varför det får anses oroväckande att Almost all Swedish adults own financial instruments. It is well known however that investing in financial instruments is not risk free. Furthermore, these investments are often very important for many individuals, but most people lack the necessary knowledge required to invest in financial instruments. There has therefore been a strong increase in the need for financial advisers. With regard to th

This report tries to introduce a new way to use high expansion foam in case of a fire, namely as a protection for property. The use of high expansion foam as a tool to extinguish a fire in a building is widely known in Sweden. But the tool is not the first action taken by the fire service and the knowledge of how to use high expansion foam is not very high. Information on how Swedish rescue serv

Den senaste tidens framväxt av miljötvister på internationell nivå har väckt frågan vilka instrument som finns tillgängliga för miljöskydd. Särskilt relevant har frågan varit hur miljöskydd och grundläggande rättigheter kan kombineras. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka på vilka sätt miljöskydd och grundläggande rättigheter har strålat samman på europeisk nivå, genom att studera miljöskyThe recent surge in environmental litigation on an international level has posed the question what instruments there are available for environmental protection, especially combining environmental protection with fundamental rights. This thesis seeks to examine in what ways environmental protection and fundamental rights have converged on an European level, through studying the environmental p

Aim: Climate change impacts forest functioning and services through two inter-related effects. First, it impacts tree growth, with effects, for example, on biomass production. Second, climate change also reshuffles community composition, with further effects on forest functioning. However, the relative importance of these two effects has rarely been studied. Here, we developed a new modelling appr

Rising temperatures can influence ecosystem processes both directly and indirectly, through effects on plant species and communities. An improved understanding of direct versus indirect effects of warming on ecosystem processes is needed for robust predictions of the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. To explore potential direct and indirect effects of warming

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most significant climate variability signals. Studying the changes in ENSO-induced precipitation variability (ENSO precipitation) in the past climate offers a possibility to a better understanding of how they may change under future climate conditions. This study uses simulations performed with the European community Earth-System Model (EC-Eart

The long-term ecological interactions between fire and the composition of dominant trees and shrubs in boreal and cold temperate Fennoscandian forests are still under discussion. We hypothesized that fire-prone taxa should abound during periods and regions characterized by higher fire disturbance, while fire-intolerant taxa should dominate when and where fire activity is low. Biomass burning (BB)

Thicker snowpacks and their insulation effects cause winter‐warming and invoke thaw of permafrost ecosystems. Temperature‐dependent decomposition of previously frozen carbon (C) is currently considered one of the strongest feedbacks between the Arctic and the climate system, but the direction and magnitude of the net C balance remains uncertain. This is because winter effects are rarely integrated

Environmental research infrastructures are often built on a large number of distributed observational or experimental sites, run by hundreds of scientists and technicians, financially supported and administrated by a large number of institutions. It becomes very important to acknowledge the data sources and their providers. There is also a strong need for common data citation tracking systems that

The effect of ice sheet topography on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the Last Glacial Maximum is studied using CCSM3 in a hierarchy of model configurations. It is found that receding ice sheets result in a weakened EASM, with the reduced ice sheet thickness playing a major role. The lower ice sheet topography weakens the EASM through shifting the position of the midlatitude jet, and t

Arctic tundra is a globally important store for carbon (C). However, there is a lack of reference sites characterising C exchange dynamics across annual cycles. Based on the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM) programme, here we present 9-11 years of flux and ecosystem data across the period 2008-2018 from two wetland sites in Greenland: Zackenberg (74°N) and Kobbefjord (64°N). The Zackenberg fen

Understanding about regional versus local changes in vegetation is critical in answering archaeological questions, in particular at a time when humans are assumed to have caused higher disturbances at local scales rather than regional scales; this is the case during the Neolithic. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of Neolithic land use on regional and local vegetation dynamics, plant c

Palaeoecological studies can identify past trends in vegetation communities and processes over long time scales. Pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoalanalyses are used to reconstruct vegetation over the last 6400 years and provide information about former human impact and disturbance regimesin Färnebofjärden National Park, Central Sweden. Three specific conservation planning topics were addresse

Vegetation responds to drought through a complex interplay of plant hydraulic mechanisms, posing challenges for model development and parameterization. We present a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of leaf water-potential over time while considering different strategies by which plant species regulate their water-potentials. The model has two parameters: the parameter λ describing th

Herbivores can exert major controls over biogeochemical cycling. As invertebrates are highly sensitive to temperature shifts (ectothermal), the abundances of insects in high-latitude systems, where climate warming is rapid, is expected to increase. In subarctic mountain birch forests, research has focussed on geometrid moth outbreaks, while the contribution of background insect herbivory (BIH) to

The modeling of seasonally frozen soils is significant for understanding the hydrological process in cold regions. The water and heat transports of two seasonally frozen sites in northern China were simulated with the process-oriented CoupModel, and a more efficient Monte Carlo based method was employed to identify the uncertainties in multi-site calibration. Results showed that water and heat mea

Soil freezing/thawing is an important mechanism to control soil water and heat redistribution in mid-to-high latitudes. Salt in the agricultural soil from mid-to-high latitudes can alter characteristics of soil freezing/thawing cycle and then affect soil thermal and hydrological processes in winter and finally cause salinization in spring. To quantify the impacts of soil salinization on soil water