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Under början av 1900-talet var illegala aborter ett samhällsproblem i Sverige. Fosterfördrivning var straffbelagt, kvinnor som blivit ovilligt gravida stod därför inför valet att antingen föda barnet eller genomföra abort på egen hand. År 1939 trädde den första lagen på området, lagen om avbrytande av havandeskap, 1938 års lag, i kraft. Lagen tillämpades mycket restriktivt och antalet illegala aboIllegal abortions were a social issue in Sweden during the 20th century. Abortions were punishable, and therefore a woman who became pregnant against her will stood before the choice of either unwillingly giving birth or carrying out an abortion on her own. In 1939 the first law on abortions came into force. The law was restrictively interpreted and the number of illegal abortions continued to inc

It can no longer be refuted that greywater reuse is paramount to curbing the persistent global water crisis. Of the domestic wastewaters, greywater is less polluted than blackwater, but treatment is still necessary to make it safe for reuse. The most common greywater reuse application is toilet flushing. However, the use of vacuum toilets in the Oceanhamnen project, covered in this thesis, means t

Coffee is one of the world’s largest trading goods and produced in a large number of countriesall over the world. The largest producers are from South America, Asia, Central America and Africa, and Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia are in order the largest producers,together producing more than the half of the world supply. During roasting of coffee the weight of the production batch decrea

The process of globalisation, accompanied by sustainable development considerations, has turned the spotlight on ties between states’ trade interests and their commitment to upholding labour rights. With negotiations on connecting the existent multilateral trading framework to the labour rights perspective at an impasse, major world economies have introduced alternative ways of linking labour conc

At the turn of the century the Commission announced its intention to introduce a ‘more economic approach’ to EU competition law. Beyond incorporating modern economic theory into its enforcement practices, such a modernised approach to competition law was also to entail bringing the Union’s competition policy objectives in line with such modern economic theory. In particular, as expressed by Mario

Termen konkurrens uppfattas ofta som mångtydig. Trots dess ansedda mångtydighet företar konkurrensrätten som rättsområde att skydda konkurrensen. Sällan förekommer diskussioner i den juridiska litteraturen gällande betydelsen av konkurrens. De definitioner som har angetts förefaller undermåliga i relation to ordets allmänna innebörd. Hur kan vi då ha sammanhållet rättsområde samt skydda konkurrensThe word competition is often regarded as being ambiguous. Despite the word’s ambiguity the field of competition law undertakes to protect competition. In the legal literature the definition of the meaning of the word is seldom discussed. When it is being defined, the definitions appear to be inadequate regarding the words meaning in everyday speech. How it is then possible to have a coherent area

Målsättningen att minska koldioxidutsläppen i världen har lett till en ökad efterfrågan på elbilar. Elbilar ses som en nyckelfaktor för EU:s omställning till en klimatneutral ekonomi. Det ökar efterfrågan på nödvändiga råvaror till elbilsbatterier som EU vill trygga tillgången på. För det ändamålet har kommissionen tagit fram en handlingsplan om batterier. Handlingsplanen om batterier identifierarThe goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the world has led to increased demand for electric cars. Electric cars are seen as a key factor for the EU's transition to a climate-neutral economy. This increases the demand for the necessary raw materials for electric car batteries, which the EU wants to secure access to. To this end, the Commission has drawn up an action plan on batteries. T

The initial mass function (IMF) describes the stellar mass distribution for a population of stars at birth. This parameter represents a topic of long standing discussion within astronomy due to its apparent insensitive nature to environmental conditions. However, in the last decade, significant evidence suggesting the contrary has been presented. Due to the role of the IMF as an input variable for

Den i folkrätten vedertagna definitionen av jus cogens är att normerna är universella och tvingande med syfte att skydda vissa grundläggande värderingar. Det pågår emellertid en diskussion i den folkrättsliga doktrinen kring huruvida normer av sådan karaktär kan existera även i en uteslutande regional kontext, och rättighets- och skyldighetskatalogen i Europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskJus cogens, as established by international law, is defined as universal and peremptory norms with the objective of protecting certain fundamental values. There is, however, an ongoing debate in the international legal discourse as to whether norms of peremptory nature can exist in an exclusively regional context, and the rights and obligations in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) hav

The pace of implementing the 17 global sustainability goals must increase drastically. The complexity of the goals is a challenge and mapping out interactions between them is identified as a way to explore their system properties and improve implementation. Sustainability goal 12 (sustainable consumption and production) has been suggested as one of the areas that affects and interacts with most ot

Context. The ESA space astrometry mission Gaia, planned to be launched in 2013, has been designed to make angular measurements on a global scale with micro-arcsecond accuracy. A key component of the data processing for Gaia is the astrometric core solution, which must implement an efficient and accurate numerical algorithm to solve the resulting, extremely large least-squares problem. The Astromet

In this thesis focus is on two aims: 1) to investigate the emergence and establishment of medieval rural archaeology as an archaeological field of study, from the 1930’s up until today and 2) based on the results made in this study, to discuss generally how new subject areas are incorporated and maintained within the humanities. Thus, the scope of the thesis does not lie on the medieval period wit

The welding of dissimilar alloys is seen increasingly as a way forward to improve efficiencies in modern aeroengines, because it allows one to tailor varying material property demands across a component. Dissimilar inertia friction welding (IFW) of two high-strength steels, Aermet 100 and S/CMV, has been identified as a possible joint for rotating gas turbine components and the resulting welds are

Novel materials in microfluidics can enable innovative applications, price reductions, higher efficiency, and increased availability. In this thesis, I examine polymer materials for acoustofluidic applications, and find several functioning, and promising, materials and designs. Microfluidics involves manipulating small volumes of fluids for novel applications, and acoustofluidics describes the ap

During the past decades, the Swedish welfare state has been transformed in profound ways. Many important changes are related to the labour market, particularly the organisation of the unemployed. The unemployment insurance, as well as the health insurance system has changed dramatically, resulting in implications for the organisation of work at the Swedish National Employment Agency, Arbetsförmedl

Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete var att simulera tredimensionella flödesmönster i tankar för lagring av vatten. De praktiska avsikter med simuleringarna var att identifiera vattenkvalitetsproblem relaterade till bristande vattenutbyte. De vattenmagasin som reservoarer vid Norra Ugglarp i Skåne utgör undersöktes i en särskild fallstudie. I denna avhandling har den öppna CFD källkoden OpenFThe main purpose of this thesis was to simulate the three-dimensional flow patterns in tanks for water storage. The practical intentions of the simulations were to identify water-quality problems related to insufficient water exchange. The water storage reservoirs at Norra Ugglarp in South Sweden were investigated as a special case study. In this thesis, the open source CFD software OpenFoam was c

Social services work with violent fathers The objective of this study was to review and analyze how social workers, employed by the Swedish social services, work with fathers that are domestically violent and to discuss their views and perceptions on this issue. Domestic violence is traditionally considered a private matter, and in the past has largely not been considered a child protection issue

With increased demand and high prices for minerals and metals in recent years, many resource rich developing countries see mining sector as vital to develop their economies. Colombia is one of these nations. Non-renewable natural resource wealth is seen as an opportunity to obtain economic benefits that can be transformed into increased wellbeing for citizens. However, mining often involves a high

Popular Abstract in Swedish Socialakrobat, världsförbättrare, soc-kärring. Benämningarna på socialarbetare har skiftat genom åren, liksom synen på yrket. I Fattigdomens besvärjelser skildras den svenska fattigvårdens förvandling till modern socialvård. Det är arbetets vardag som står i fokus, många gånger i kontrast till socialarbetarnas visionära förhoppningar. Vi får möta sekelskiftets filantroThe theme of this dissertation is how changing claims as to what is proper and true social work have been formulated and staged in the twentieth century. From the perspective of cultural analysis I seek to discuss how social work has been formed and changed over a century. I wish to demonstrate how descriptions and narratives, actions and gazes, practice and rhetoric have constituted a changing pr

This study explores the emergence of the Christian biblical canon and its significance for the early as well as for the contemporary church. Some major challenges to previous research on the biblical canon are presented. The apostolic formula "the Scriptures and the Lord" is defended as a good summary of the Christian canon, its formation and significance. It is argued that the canon was formed i