To optimize the weights in an artificial neural network most methods rely gradients, which are not always obtainable or desirable. Evolutionary algorithms are instead based on Darwinian evolution where no derivative is needed. These algorithms have a set of strategy parameters that can be dynamically updated during the search to increase performance. Two ways of updating the parameters are the so

Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examine the different relationships between the auditor and its clients and how this relationships affects the quality of the audit. Theoretical perspectives: The theoretical framework is based on a description of relationships based on Duff (2014) and a description of audit quality which is partly based on Tepalagul & Lin (2015) and Wright & Wrigh

Due to a warming climate, tundra ecosystems are subject to shrub and treeline expansions which could lead to increased above- but decreased belowground carbon (C) stocks. An observed low soil C stock in some subarctic forests and tall shrublands has been suggested to be induced by priming of organic matter decomposition, possibly mediated by ectomycorrhizal fungi. On the other hand, the higher bel

I en jämförelse mellan det skriftliga och det arkeologiska materialet framträder en bild av medeltida tegelbruk i allmänhet och det medeltida tegelbruket vid S:t Mikael i synnerhet. Arkeologiskt iakttagbara anläggningar vid ett medeltida tegelbruk, förutom en tegelugn är följande; lertag i form av gropar eller stora gravar (eventuellt vattenfyllda), vallar efter leran som lagts till vintring, gropWhen, why and how the brick-making tradition started in the Nordic countries is well known. However, research on the spatiality and layout of the the production of bricks in medieval times is lacking. What archaeologically observable sites, apart from a kiln, were part of a medieval brickyard and how were they organized? In a comparison between written material on brick production and archaeologic

We unify literature on licensing in the pharmaceutical industry and empirically verify pre-established and identify new determinants of value creation and appropriation based on a contemporary data set of licensing deals made between 2015 and 2020. We observe positive returns for licensor and licensee. A return differential indicates value appropriation by the licensor due to scarcity. A positive

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health concern. Several studies indicate that most respiratory bacterial pathogens are capable of asymptomatic colonization and find their primary ecological niche within the nasopharynx of healthy individuals as harmless commensals that form biofilms. However, in response to external factors, such as concomitant virus infections, colonizing b

Birds endure ecological constraints during winter in temperate regions where critical resources vary significantly between urban and rural sites, influencing survival rate. Warmer temperatures and artificial food sources have led to an increase in urban avian winter abundance whereas birds in colder, rural ecosystems are more reliant on scarce natural food sources but subject to less human disturb

Migration is an adaptation for birds to exploit the resources that change temporally and spatially. The recent development of miniature light level geolocators has revealed this previously poorly known aspect of birds. From light intensity data together with time recorded by geolocators, we can infer the positions of the birds, i.e. latitudes and longitudes, using a threshold method or a curve-fit

Studiens syfte var att uppnå en ökad förståelse för hur beslutsfattande personal med erfarenhet från Migrationsverkets asylenhet, upplever att de förhåller sig till, påverkas av- samt hanterar arbetsrelaterade emotioner i förhållande till asylenhetens emotionsregim. Syftet var därmed att genom kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka hur personal förhåller sig till en sådan emotionsregim vilken reglerar a

Migration to wintering grounds is a process that a large proportion of songbirds perform every year. It has been suggested that there are differences in the migration performance between adults and juveniles due to the experience the former have over the latter, after having flown this journey before. The aim of this study was to analyse age differences regarding activity, energy deposits and depa

Dengue is just regular flu but also kills many people all around the world. We all happen to know that dengue viruses have been on the march for the last 100 years. During the late 20th century, it became a serious threat to mankind. Our scientists have been putting their utmost efforts to save people from dengue infections. They have come up with a number of vaccinations and mosquito repellent so

This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of how individuals, in an organizational context, experience the process of unlearning in relation to routines and how these individuals might be influenced in their unlearning process.

Styvhetsförändringar i bröstvävnad är ofta kopplade till en patologisk förändring. Vissa cancertyper som infiltererande duktalt carcinom kan vara åtta gånger så styv som fettvävnaden runt omkring. Genom att komprimera bröstet och mäta trycket på bröstets yta har man identifierat att det blir en lokal förhöjning i tryck där det finns en tumör. Med hjälp av den här typen av mekanisk avbildning av brA change in stiffness of breast tissue is often connected to a pathological change. Some types of breast cancer such as infiltrating ductal carcinoma can be up to eight times stiffer than fat tissue. It has been found that during compression of the breast there will be a local area of relatively high stress at the breast surface at the location of a tumour. This type of mechanical imaging of the b

Optimization is the study of finding the best solution for a problem. The applications of this field ranges from finding the best routes for travelling to finding the ground state of physical systems. This thesis looks at gradient based and gradient-less optimization algorithms which are applied to two problems: the linear least square and the position of a system of springs. The algorithms used a

I mogna industrier prioriteras ofta verkningsgrad och processen snarare än själva produkten. Detta innebär att dessa industrier anpassar sig långsamt när de externa förhållandena skiftar. Exempel på sådan industri är Sveriges köttindustri. Denna präglas av stor klimatpåverkan, även stora mängder matsvinn. Nya teknologier undersökes i nuläget för att skärpa detta svinn; exempel på sådan teknologi äThe competitive landscape mature industries find themselves in tends to make them enforce practices that ruthlessly focus on efficiency and process. This narrow focus makes them slow to adapt to changes in the external environment in which they operate. One such case is the Swedish meat industry. Like many industries, there are downsides involved with meat production and for meat a significant one

För nästan 1800 år sedan levde den grekiska matematikern Diofantos av Alexandria. I hans skrifter är det mycket som skiljer sig från matematik som vi känner den idag; Diofantos använde sig till exempel varken av 0 eller negativa tal i sina uträkningar. Men trots detta påbörjade han studiet av problem som matematiker fortfarande är sysselsatta med. År 1900 presenterade den tyske matematikern David In this paper, we outline the construction and the basic properties of the p-adic number fields. Moreover we prove Hensel's lemma and show an application thereof. Lastly we cover symmetric bilinear forms and quadratic forms over general rings, finite fields, the p-adic and rational numbers.

Förmågan att återskapa förvrängda bilder på ett effektivt sätt har länge varit ett mål inom datorgrafik och bildanalys. I vårt examensarbete, i samarbete med NVIDIA, har vi tittat på ett nytt tillvägagångsätt för detta problem inom maskininlärning och jämfört detta med redan existerande metoder.Loss functions are a crucial part of image processing when using modern neural networks, trained with stochastic gradient descent. There exist multiple loss functions today, some claiming to be perceptual. Researchers at NVIDIA recently published a proposal of such a metric called FLIP. This led to our work on this thesis where we present a comparison between multiple loss functions, both establis

While perovskite solar cells have become increasingly more efficient and popular, electrical characterisation of the semiconductor properties of perovskites has been limited due to the instability of the material. In this work, multiple approaches for creating such electrical test structures from perovskites are discussed. The chemical processing limitations for perovskites are laid out and common

The European furniture industry is driven to change from linear to circular business models. Product-service systems (PSS) are considered to offer promising solutions that may enable the transition towards the circular economy. In the furniture industry, one example of a product-service system is the furnishing rental service. However, understanding of how such a service could be developed and imp

Detta är ett arbete som som syftar till att studera hur djupa eutektiska lösningsmedel påverkar proteinerna bovin serumalbumin och lysozym Ett djupt eutektiskt lösningsmedel är ett lösningsmedel som skapas när två eller fler fasta material, mer specifikt en vätebindningsacceptor (ofta ett kvartärt ammoniumsalt) och en vätebindningsdonator, bildar ett omfattande vätebindningsnätverk. Detta genererThe use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has a great potential in the pharmaceutical field due to its many advantages such as biocompatibility, low toxicity and biodegradability. Studies have also shown that proteins can be successfully incorporated into DESs. However, protein stability and structure in these solvents need to be investigated for this technology to be applicable. When adding the pr