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Den 1 juni 2018 infördes ett frivillighetsrekvisit i den svenska våldtäktsbe-stämmelsen i 6 kap 1 § BrB. Det nya rekvisitet innebär att avsaknad av ömse-sidig frivillighet ligger till grund för straffansvar. Målsägandens agerande och hur personen uttryckt frivillighet är av central betydelse för bedömningen. I min uppsats har jag undersökt vilka gränser målsägandens frivillighet ställs inför när dOn June 1, 2018, a voluntariness requirement was introduced in the Swedish rape provision in Chapter 6, Section 1 of the Swedish Penal Code (BrB). The new requirement implies that the absence of mutual voluntariness forms the basis for criminal liability. The actions of the victim and how their expressed voluntariness is assessed are of central importance in the evaluation. In my essay, I have exa

I den psykiatriska tvångsvården av barn används tvångsåtgärderna bältesläggning och fysisk fasthållning vid genomförandet av medicinering och sondmatning mot barnets vilja. Vilka tvångsåtgärder som får vidtas i dessa verksamheter styrs av regleringen i lag (1991:1128) om psykiatrisk tvångs-vård (LPT). LPT medger undantag till det grundlagsstadgade skyddet mot påtvingade kroppsliga ingrepp som var In the compulsory psychiatric care of children, the coercive measures of belt restraint and physical restraint are used to administer treatment, such as medication and tube feeding, against the child's will. The coercive measures that may be used in these care settings are regulated by the Compulsory Psychiatric Care Act (LPT). The LPT permits exceptions to the constitutional protection agains

The number of supply chain disruptions has increased over the last couple of years. The Covid-19 Pandemic, blockage of the Suez Canal and Russian invasion of Ukraine are some well-known examples of disruptions. Academia seems to have noticed the increasing disruptions and has explored proactive Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) as an approach to address this. Consulting firms also suggest compan

Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda skillnaderna mellan brotten kränkande fotografering i 4 kap. 6 a § BrB och sexuellt ofredande i 6 kap. 10 § BrB. I studien redogörs för lagrummens uppbyggnad, hur rekvisiten är utformade samt hur dessa tillämpas och tolkas av domstolarna. Huvudsakligt fokus ligger på situationer som innebär fotografering av ett eller flera brottsobjekt utan samtycke och hur detThis essay aims at investigating the differences between the crimes insulting photography in the Swedish Penal Code (brottsbalken), Chapter 4, article 6 a and sexual assault in Chapter 6, article 10. The study describes the structure of the law, how the procedural requirements are designed and how they are applied and interpreted by the courts. Main focus is on the situations that involve photogra

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att utreda när och varför en nödvärnsgärning som resulterar i att angriparen dör anses försvarlig respektive oförsvarlig. Detta utreds i de situationer då den som vidtagit nödvärnsgärningen gjort det för att försvara sig mot ett livsfarligt angrepp. Uppsatsen är skriven ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. Nödvärnsrätten regleras i 24 kap. 1 § BrB och är en rättfärdigan

Background: Different kinds of chronic diseases might imply different dimensions of caregiver burden, not previously described among the caregivers to recipients from the general elder population. Aim: The main objective was to examine differences in burden between the 343 caregivers to persons with different diagnoses. Methods: A group of elderly recipients of informal care (n = 343) from the gen

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the expression of plant nutrient transporters was studied using a relative, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain-reaction (RQRT-PCR) technique. Reverse-transcribed 18S rRNA was used to standardize the treatments. The technique had high reproducibility and reflected trends in gene expression as observed by Northern blotting. Usin

As part of the Virus-X Consortium that aims to identify and characterize novel proteins and enzymes from bacteriophages and archaeal viruses, the genes of the putative lytic proteins XepA from Bacillus subtilis prophage PBSX and YomS from prophage SPβ were cloned and the proteins were subsequently produced and functionally characterized. In order to elucidate the role and the molecular mechanism o

Soil organic matter (SOM) stores the largest quantity of C in terrestrial ecosystems. Most SOM can be decomposed by microorganisms and released as CO2 into the atmosphere. The remaining fraction of SOM can be resistant against microbial decomposition over centuries to millennia. Changes in the magnitude of this stable SOM pool can have a substantial effect on the atmospheric CO2 concentration and

Optically pure lactic acid (LA) is important for the development of specialized applications for poly-lactic acid (PLA). To pursue sustainable production, feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass need to be investigated. The present study focused on the production of L-LA from softwood hydrolysate with Pediococcus acidilactici TY112. One of the challenges when using this substrate is the presenc

Previous work has suggested that given a hospital's need to admit more patients from the emergency department (ED), high inpatient bed occupancy may encourage premature hospital discharges that favor the hospital's need for beds over patients' medical interests. We argue that the effects of such action would be measurable as a greater proportion of unplanned hospital readmissions among patients di

AIMS: Although the epidemiological association between Type 2 diabetes and congestive heart failure (CHF) as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established, associations between diabetes-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), CHF, and CVD have been surprisingly inconclusive. Our aim is to examine if 43 diabetes-related SNPs were associated with prevalent diastolic dysfunction as

Supramolecular rearrangements are crucial in determining the response of stimuli sensitive soft matter systems such as those formed by mixtures of oppositely charged amphiphiles. Here mixtures of this kind were prepared by mixing the cationic block copolymer pAMPTMA30-b-pNIPAAM120 and an anionic surfactant obtained by the modification of the bile salt sodium cholate. As pure components, the two co

A building for users with functional disorders has been built with the aim of being a low-energy residence, based on the criteria and technology applicable to passive houses. This new application of the passive house concept in a Nordic climate has shown that challenges must be met when producing buildings with a low energy demand while also fulfilling the requirements for a good indoor climate. T

Background: Women with intellectual disability (ID) may encounter barriers to exercising reproductive agency, self-care during pregnancy, and accessing healthcare to optimize pregnancy outcomes. However, there is to date little evidence to guide policy and practice. We aim to fill this identified knowledge gap by examining pregnancy outcomes among women with ID in comparison with women from the ge

Background: Uric acid closely relates to both kidney disease and atrial fibrillation (AF), yet the extent to which it influences the kidney-AF association remains uncertain. We examined the relationship between kidney function and risk of AF, accounting for uric acid levels. Methods: A total of 308,509 individuals in the Swedish Apolipoprotein-Related Mortality Risk (AMORIS) cohort were included a

A bidirectional non-contact rotary motor using a piezoelectric torsional vibrator and the giant electrorheological (GER) fluid is described in this paper. By applying the dynamic electric signal with a square waveform to the GER fluid, which is in phase with the vibration velocity of the torsional vibrator, bidirectional rotation at an excitation frequency of 118 Hz is achieved. This motor generat

Background: Children aged 0–18 years who need long-term respiratory support rely on medical technology and comprehensive medical care. For this care to be provided at home, access to medical and social support and care is essential. In Sweden, the most notable form is personal care assistance (PCA), which is granted based on legislation and individual authority decisions. We aim to explore the imp