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Articles 18(a) and 27 ECVD are instruments within the Directive to restore neutrality of EU VAT, which has been breached by the numerous exemptions. For the purposes of this research neutrality is interpreted as a particular expression of the general EU law principle of equal treatment. The actual field of application of the provisions is studied through a legal dogmatic method and by researching
Av regeringsformens portalparagraf framgår att den svenska folkstyrelsen inte bara förverkligas genom ett representativt och parlamentariskt statsskick utan också genom kommunal självstyrelse. Begreppet ”kommunal självstyrelse” är emellertid så vagt att det ger utrymme för olika tolkningar. Uppsatsens syfte är därför att med tillämpning av den rättsdogmatiska metoden ut-reda vad som avses med kommChapter 1 art. 1 of the Instrument of Government declares that Swedish democracy is realised through a representative and parliamentary form of government and through local self-government. However, the term “local self-government” is vague and thus allows for differing interpretations. The initial purpose of this essay, therefore, is to explain the meaning it is given in the preparatory work and
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has reiterated that states have discretion regarding what means to use to fulfil their positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). Given the "wide range of possible measures" that could be taken to ensure compliance with positive rights, these rights have a disjunctive structure since an omission has no definitive counterpar
Identification of non-HLA genes associated with development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the prospective TEDDY cohort Identification of non-HLA genes associated with development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the prospective TEDDY cohort Ashok Sharma1, Xiang Liu2, David Hadley3, William Hagopian4, Wei-Min Chen5, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu5, Carina Törn6, Andrea K. Steck7, B
Dokument2 Bioinspired Energy Conversion Energy conversion is closely associated with all life and with society’s development. It powers technology and animal locomotion, it is fundamental to cellular processes in all organisms, and is coupled to metabolic diseases in humans. Energy conversion also includes processes of many types on many scales. A bird, for example, performs mechanical work on a l
https://www.pi.lu.se/sites/pi.lu.se/files/bioinspired_energy_conversion_2013-2014.pdf - 2026-06-02
Background: Levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been shown to be elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) especially in connection with cor pulmonale (CP) and the late stages of the disease. BNP is also raised in left sided heart failure which sometimes coincides with COPD. Whether BNP is elevated in subjects with mild-moderate stable COPD and normal left ventricu
BACKGROUND: Municipal drinking water contaminated with perfluorinated alkyl acids had been distributed to one-third of households in Ronneby, Sweden. The source was firefighting foam used in a nearby airfield since the mid-1980s. Clean water was provided from 16 December 2013.OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of decline in serum perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) a
Dagens handel är globalt utbredd och utbredningen lär inte minska. En väldigt stor del av den globala handeln sker idag mellan närstående företag. När närstående företag handlar med varandra kan de genom att manipulera prissättningen av gränsöverskridande transaktioner förflytta inkomst mellan koncernbolag. När inkomst förflyttas från ett svenskt till ett utländskt koncernbolag innebär det att denThe trade of today is global and the globalisation will probablty not decline in the future. A very large part of the global trade is between related companies. In these intra group cross border transactions the price of the transaction can be arranged in order to shift profit between the group companies. When profit is shifted from a swedish group company to a foreign group company, the swedish t
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) är en idrott som fått ökad popularitet de senaste åren, inte minst i Sverige. Idrotten är våldsam och tillåter olika typer av våld mot huvudet vilket utgör en fara för utövarnas liv och hälsa. För att säkra utövarnas säkerhet krävs det att utövningen sker under kontrollerade former. Men var går egentligen gränsen för vad som är tillåtet ur ett straffrättsligt perspektiv? Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a sport that has seen an increase in popularity in the last couple of years, including Sweden. The sport is violent and allows for several forms of violence against once head which can risk the lives and health of the practitioners. To secure the safety of practitioners it is required that the practice is performed under controlled forms. But how do you draw the line of
Uppsatsen inriktar sig på horisontella samarbeten som sker mellan företag i samma produktions- eller handelsled vilka vi i dagligt tal refererar till som karteller. Karteller är horisontella avtal som fastställer försäljningspriser, begränsar eller kontrollerar produktion eller delar upp marknader. Karteller är genom sin natur de mest skadliga konkurrenshämmande överträdelserna då de bidrar till sThe main focus of this essay is horizontal agreements that occur between undertakings in the same production or market chain which we commonly refer to as cartels. Cartels are horizontal agreements which are fixing selling prices, limit or control production, or share markets. Cartels are by their nature the most harmful anti-competitive violation as they contribute to great destructive impact on
In Sweden, the number of private extracts from the criminal records registry has increased more than five times since 2003. This is largely due to employers’ request for applicants to submit their criminal record if they want to be considered for a job. This is a phenomenon that is intrusive in the applicants’ integrity and it has become a society level problem. The aim of this paper is to describ
Den 1 juli 2018 fick Sverige en ny våldtäktslagstiftning. Den nya lagstiftningen innebar att rekvisitet som skiljer olagligt och lagligt sexuellt umgänge förändrades. I tidigare våldtäktslagstiftning har tvång varit en förutsättning för att en våldtäkt skulle anses förövad. Med den nya regleringen står nu frivillighet i centrum för denna bedömning. Lagändringen föregicks av mycket debatt. Det diskOn the 1st of July 2018 Sweden changed the law on sexual assault. The new law meant that the prerequisite that separate sexual assault and legal sexual intercourse was changed. In previous legislation coercion was needed for a perpetrator to be convicted of sexual assault. The new law instead places voluntariness at the center of the court’s assessment. The amendment was preceded by much debate. T
Godsfrakt till sjöss sker över hela världen och utgör en stor del av världshandeln. Vid resebefraktning tar fartygsägaren på sig att på uppdrag av befraktaren transportera gods vissa specifika resor. En förutsättning för att dessa resor ska kunna genomföras och att godset ska kunna lastas och lossas är att fartyget har en möjlighet att på ett säkert sätt nå de hamnar som är angivna som destinationCarriage of goods by sea occurs all over the globe and constitutes a large part of the world trade. In the case of voyage charters, the shipowner undertakes transport of goods via one or more specific voyages. A prerequisite for these journeys to be carried out and for the goods to be loaded and unloaded is that the ship can reach the nominated port safely. This essay deals with the relationship
Investeringar är per automatik behäftade med risker och osäkerheter. För utländska investerare, vars investeringar oftast är långsiktiga, är det dessutom svårare att planera och förutse potentiella risker. Bilaterala investeringsavtal (”BIT”) syftar till att ge utländska investerare skydd och ett sätt att tillvarata detta skydd. Investeringsskyddet har gett investerare bättre möjlighet att planeraInvestments are per definition subject to risk and uncertainties. In the case of foreign investments, that usually are long-term, it is even more difficult to plan and anticipate potential risks. Bilateral investment treaty (“BIT”) aim to provide foreign investors with protection and a way to deal with risk. Investment protection has given investors an opportunity to better plan their business, wi
The aim of this study was to examine how teachers understand and interpret their obligation to report child maltreatment to Social Services. In Sweden, the obligation to report as a govern-mental employee is bound by law. More specifically, the study’s aim was to gather infor-mation about whether or not the teachers were abiding the law. The study originated from the semi structured method and fou
We live in a time where capitalism has long since eliminated any notion of alternative systems from our imaginaries, so that it “occupies the horizon of the thinkable” (Fisher 2009). At the same time, we have seen a (re)turn to positivism and acceptance of the neoliberal system in academia, even in the humanities and studies of art (Grønstad 2020, Poenar 2018). The rejection of the political proje
Purpose: In a multicenter prospective cohort study, we assessed the diagnostic yield of the Nordic guidelines for germline investigation in myeloid neoplasms and mapped the spectrum of inherited and somatic variants. Experimental Design: Eighty-five patients (acute myeloid leukemia, n = 38; myelodysplastic syndromes, n = 26; thrombocytopenia, n = 14; and other, n = 7) fulfilling the Nordic criteri
Around the world governments reach out to their emigrant population, embracing them as part of the nation, expecting their economic contribution. The aim of this thesis is to examine the political strategy and governmental activities of El Salvador with the purpose to include emigrants in the nation building project. The main question is what consequences this has for the significance of citiz
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor knockout (KO) mice are tools for studying GIP physiology. Previous results have demonstrated that these mice have impaired insulin response to oral glucose. In this study, we examined the insulin response to intravenous glucose by measuring glucose, insulin and C-peptide after intravenous glucose (0.35 g/kg) in 5-h fasted female GIP recep
