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In ecology, multifunctionality metrics measure the simultaneous performance of multiple ecosystem functions. If species diversity describes the variety of species that together build the ecosystem, multifunctionality attempts to describe the variety of functions these species perform. A range of methods have been proposed to quantify multifunctionality, successively attempting to alleviate problem
The Swedish carbon tax of 1991, one of the first of its kind, has positioned Sweden as a forerunner in climate governance. It is often depicted an international success and today constitutes the backbone of Swedish climate policy. At first, however, the tax received widespread criticism and had limited political support. The policy design process was short, with limited time for deliberation. Whil
When Sweden adopted its carbon tax in 1990, it was as one of the first of its kind worldwide. While the adoption of the tax has been attributed to its inclusion in the Swedish tax reform, undoubtedly playing a crucial role, the reform does not in itself explain how the Swedish carbon tax came about or why it became part of the reform package in the first place. In this article, we present a case s
Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended by guidelines to evaluate the severity of brain ischemia after cardiac arrest for functional outcome prediction. However, standardized assessment criteria are lacking. We have developed a semi-quantitative Cardiac Arrest Brain Ischemia (CABI) score to assess the extension of brain ischemia on MRI. Objectives: To evaluate the prognostic pe
Cutting edge preparation is crucial in metal cutting as the edge geometry significantly influences both the material removal process and tool life. However, an analytical model that can physically describe the cutting edge preparation process has not yet been established. Taking the wet abrasive jet machining (WAJM) method as an example, the following questions always remain: Why does WAJM always
The majority of soil carbon (C) is stored in organic matter associated with reactive minerals. These mineral-organic associations (MOAs) inhibit microbial and enzymatic access to organic matter, suggesting that organic C within MOAs is resistant to decomposition. However, plant roots and rhizosphere microbes are known to transform minerals through dissolution and exchange reactions, implying that
Background: The routine use of sedation and analgesia during post-cardiac arrest care and its association with clinical outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to describe the use of sedatives and analgesics in post-cardiac arrest care, and evaluate associations with good functional outcome, survival, clinical seizures, and late awakening. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of the TTM2-trial,
Context. Globular clusters exhibit star-to-star chemical variations that are traceable through both photometric and spectroscopic data. While UV photometry and light-elements such as Na and O are commonly used for this purpose, the optical V versus (V-I) color magnitude diagram (CMD) is often assumed to be relatively unaffected by such inhomogeneities and is used to derive basic cluster parameters
OBJECTIVE: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is generally accepted as the best overall index of renal function. Thus, all potential live kidney donors are tested to ensure that they have a normal GFR before they are eligible for kidney transplantation. The choice of GFR test is very much dependent on local traditions and may include iohexol, 51Cr-EDTA, inulin, or creatinine clearance based on urine
This thesis concerns localisation, shape reconstruction and pose estimation from monocular images. While multiple cameras allows for triangulation to capture depth in scenes, monocular settings require some of relative features, reasonable real-world assumptions, regularisation, Machine Learning (ML) or a combination of these. The accompanying articles to this compilation thesis treats several top
Although the ~200 impact craters known on Earth represent only a small fraction of the craters originally formed, the available data suggest an excess of craters by one order of magnitude, in number, in the interval ca. 470-440 Ma during the Ordovician. Most of these “excess” craters may be related to the breakup of the L-chondrite parent body (LCPB) in the asteroid belt at 465.8 ± 0.3 Ma. This is
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain leading drivers of chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality. This ESCMID Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (ESGVH) narrative review summarizes recent advances and expert perspectives in the field. For HBV, emerging biomarkers such as quantitative HBs antigen, HBV
DNA is presently at the centre of a storm. On the one hand, the breathtaking development of DNA related sciences during the last decades led to a technological and medical revolution. Due to the far reaching possibilities connected to this technology, it is the focus of many people’s interest and one source of the hope that one day we will find cures for terrible illnesses. Unsurprisingly, DNA re
Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with the 133-Xenon inhalation method in seven healthy subjects with orthostatic hypotension not due to autonomic failure (i.e. non-neurogenic clinical disorder). Measurements were performed during supine rest and during head-up tilt (70 degrees). All subjects had a consistent drop in systolic blood pressure and the typical symptomatology of orthostatic hyp
Background: The purpose was to evaluate glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and total-tau in plasma as predictors of poor neurological outcome after out-of-hospital (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), including comparisons with neurofilament light (NFL) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Methods: Retrospective multicentre observational study of patients admitted to an intensive care u
Conservation biological control in agricultural landscapes aims to promote natural enemy populations to mitigate short and long-term pest damage on crops. However, natural enemy populations in agricultural landscapes typically rely on crop pests and non-pest prey populations resulting in complex trait- dependent ecological interactions. Such communities, of pests, non-pest prey, and natural enemie
One of the most important challenges for modern society is how to feed the world in a sustainable manner. Agriculture is an essential part of food production, but at the same time it has many negative impacts on the environment, through for example pollution, nutrient leaching, and greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a big driver of biodiversity loss. Organic farming is a farming system that in ma
Background: von Willebrand disease (VWD) type 1 is a congenital bleeding disorder caused by genetic defects in the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene and characterized by a reduction of structurally normal VWF. The diagnosis of type 1 VWD is difficult because of clinical and laboratory variability. Furthermore, inconsistency of linkage between type 1 VWD and the VWF locus has been reported. Objectiv
