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Sedan 2004, när förordning 1/2003 trädde ikraft, har kommissionen givits en möjlighet att ersätta sitt förfarande för överträdelsebeslut inom tillämpningen av konkurrensrätt, med ett förenklat förfarande där specifika åtaganden görs bindande gentemot företag. Den huvudsakliga skillnaden ligger i att istället för att behöva genomföra en grundlig utredning gällande ett eller flera företags agerandenAs of 2004, with the entry into force of Regulation 1/2003, the Commission has been granted a possibility to substitute its infringement procedure in competition law enforcement, for a simplified commitment procedure. The major difference lies in that instead of having to conduct a thorough investigation into the behaviour of one or more undertakings, and follow this investigation with a finding o

Power supply is a social necessity, and will so continue to be in the near future. Therefore, safe and steady deliverance of power supply is a fundamental duty of the societies and the preparedness of the vulnerability of the infrastructures is highly prioritized. The power supply comprises every component needed for transmission of electrical power from generation to consumption, power transform

Den övergripande målsättningen med Fördraget om Europeiska Unionens Funktionssätt är att skapa en social marknadsekonomi där fri konkurrens spelar en avgörande roll. Konkurrensreglerna som styr företagens handlande på marknaden i Sverige och inom EU strävar efter att förhindra handlande som kan begränsa effektiv konkurrens. Ur ekonomisk synvinkel är det nödvändigt att möjligheten finns att marknadThe general goal of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union is to create a social market economy, where free competition is crucial. The Competition rules, governing the actions of the parties on the Swedish and EU market, aim to prevent conduct that may restrict effective competition. From an economic point of view it is necessary to have the ability to influence the market in order t

The objectives of this thesis are to find a common ground for business and environmental interests and to evaluate the potential of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) as transition tools to lead towards a greener economic paradigm. For these purposes it was assessed, which implications EMSs have for the competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) within the first three years

Governmental employees in Sweden are bound by law to report to the Social Services if they suspect child maltreatment. Studies have found that pre-schoolteachers to a lesser extent report suspected child maltreatment than other agencies working with children. The aim of this study is to examine pre-schoolteachers’ view of the law governing teachers responsibility to report suspected child maltreat

This thesis analyses the impact of EU citizenship on EU citizens studying in another EU Member State, Lund, Sweden in order to find out whether there is an ‘added value’ for EU citizens when exercising their rights as EU citizens. In the first part, a short introduction to the background of EU citizenship, the rights it grants and student mobility in the EU is presented. The second part illustrate

The thesis aims at supplementing a critique of the existing international instruments, regional responses and national legislation of the Arctic related to marine environmental protection. With this aim in view, the thesis satisfies its objective by proposing a Bipartite “Arctic Council” acting as a conglomeration of the Arctic States and the Flag States with a hybrid “Arctic treaty”, which is an

Våld i nära relation förknippas inte sällan med en mans våld mot en kvinna. I detta arbete ville jag undersöka erfarenheter hos män som blivit utsatta för relationsvåld, hur föreställningar om maskulinitet kommer till uttryck och hur männen hanterar det faktum att de fallit offer för ett brott som vanligtvis förknippas med kvinnor. Jag ville även redogöra för deras erfarenheter av kontakter med rä

This essay describes the human relationship to the Swedish Agricultural open landscape, which is romanticised in popular culture, but is also seen by the anthropocentric hegemony in society as a landscape to use as resource for consumption and as symbol for “nature products”. The research deals whit the dualistic approach to cultural landscape by using a semiotic analyse of two food company brands

I uppsatsen undersöks i vilken mån som personal inom hälso- och sjukvården kan omfattas av rättsskyddet i 17 kap. 1 §§ BrB. Lagbestämmelserna anger rekvisiten för våld och hot mot tjänsteman och innebär ett utökat rättsskydd för den som uppfyller definitionen av tjänstemannabegreppet. Uppsatsen kommer därför att utreda omfattningen av rättskyddet samt vilka kriterier som ska uppfyllas för att tjän

Mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for us humans to curb climate change. Around a fifth of the anthropogenic GHG emissions stem from the construction sector. Much come from energy used for space and water heating within buildings, but an increasing proportion comes from the manufacturing of the building materials and is virtually embodied within buildings. This is called Emb

This thesis has two major purposes: (1) to create a 3D virtual “reconstructive” model of the peristyle with the nymphaeum wall (room b) of the house V 1,7 (House of the Bronze Bull) in Pompeii, and (2) to prepare a probability map based on this model that will show the reliability level for each individual part. The author underlines the importance of recording paradata of the entire workflow. The

The presumption of parental liability is an important tool for the Commission, enabling it to hold parent companies jointly and severally liable with their subsidiaries. Parent companies claim however, that they cannot rebut the presumption and are thus rendered strictly liable for their subsidiaries’ conduct. Due to the fact that parent companies repeatedly failed rebutting the presumption with e

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people continue to face discrimination and persecution in their daily lives, often from both the state and their communities. Where states do not provide for the basic human rights and physical security of their lesbian, gay, and bisexual citizens, many such citizens would flee their countries of origin in search of refuge in more hospitable countries. If other countries

This research aims to examine the effects of the new LNG network structure on EU’s energy security. The research question is as follows: How can the concept of Weaponized Interdependence (WI) inform EU’s Energy Security? The concept of WI is used to reveal structural positions in the network which can be utilized to leverage political means. In addition, this research adopts a reinforcing understa

I den rättspolitiska debatten pekar vissa åklagare på ett växande problem – att misstänkta utnyttjar rätten till tystnad genom att framföra sin berättelse först under huvudförhandlingen då de fått ta del av all bevisning. Detta sägs leda till felaktiga frikännande domar på grund av omedelbarhetsprincipen. I denna kontext har förslag om att införa en variant av Danmarks grundlagsförhör och deras beIn the ongoing legal debates, some prosecutors highlight a growing problem – that suspects seem to be exploiting the right to silence by holding back their statements until the main hearing after they've seen all the evidence. They argue that this tactic leads to wrongful acquittals due to the principle of immediateness. In this context, proposals to introduce a variant of Denmark's consti

Vid överprövning av en offentlig upphandling är information absolut nödvändigt för sökande leverantör. För bifall till yrkandet krävs att sökanden åberopar rättsligt relevanta omständigheter och för dessa i bevis. Hela sökandens processföring som sådan emanerar från den information som denna har tillgång till. Denna uppsats utreder hur en leverantör – efter egen aktivitet samt med hjälp av domstolInformation is an absolute necessity for a supplier when applying for a review procedure of a procurement. To succeed with the application, the supplier needs to fulfil its burden of invoking certain legally relevant facts, as well as its burden of proof for said facts; all of which require access to information. This paper investigates how said supplier – on its own in addition to with the assist