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Enligt regelverken tillämpliga i icke-internationella väpnade konflikter, gemensamma artikeln 3 i Genèvekonventionerna samt tilläggsprotokoll 2, erbjuds skydd till civila som inte direkt deltar i strid. En gemensam definition av vad som anses vara direkt deltagande i strid existerar inte i tillämpliga traktat i den internationella humanitära rätten och inte heller förser nationell eller internatioThe regulations applicable in non-international armed conflicts, Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions I-IV and Additional Protocol II, offer protection to civilians who do not directly participate in the hostilities. There is no commonly accepted definition of direct participation in hostilities in treaty-based international humanitarian law, State practice or international jurisprudence.

In the traditional model of international law, to which however reality has never exactly corresponded, situations of armed violence fall into clearly defined categories which in their turn appertained to a certain set of rules of international law applicable. For armed conflicts between sovereign states ('war'), international humanitarian law provides a full body of rules. On the other ha

Belgium is celebrated for its progressive LGBTI legislation, ranking second on the ILGA index. At the same time Belgian LGBTQIA+ people experience alarmingly high rates of violence and fear. This thesis examines two competing narratives about the relationship between LGBTI legislation and LGBTQIA+ experiences of safety: (1) ‘LGBTQIA+ safety requires state protection’; and (2) ‘LGBTQIA+ safety requ

This report is the result of study that was performed in January and February 2009. It was presented and reviewed at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association: Law, Power, and Inequality in the 21st Century in May 2009. The study empirically examined, or rather examined the lack of, social norms opposing illegal file sharing. A total of over 1,000 respondents have answered the questio

Förenta nationernas klimatpanel indikerade redan år 1990 att klimatförändringarnas största inverkan kan vara på mänsklig migration. Idag är fenomenet med klimatinducerad migration redan en realitet och det förväntas bli allt mer akut under de kommande åren med miljontals människor på flykt från sina hem och samhällen. Ändå är situationen för klimatflyktingar, en kategori människor som i nuläget saThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated already in 1990 that the greatest impact of climate change could be on human migration. At present, the phenomenon of climate-induced migration is already a reality and it is expected to become increasingly urgent in the forthcoming years with millions of people displaced from their homes and communities. Yet, the situation of climate

This thesis explores the role of Emissions Trading Systems (ETS) in achieving climate neutrality, with a focus on a comparative study between the European Union (EU) and China. The background also emphasizes the global climate change issues in the past years and the use of ETS as an effective market-based carbon pricing tool for limiting the emission of greenhouse gases. The aim of this research i

Education is key to promoting human rights, says Do Qui Hoang - The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Skip to content Search for: Search Button Home About Us Who We Are Our History About Raoul Wallenberg Our Theory of Change Staff Opportunities Annual Reports Whistleblower Our work What we do Multi-Disciplinary Research Higher Education Strategic Advice and Analysis O

https://rwi.lu.se/2014/10/07/education-key-promoting-human-rights-says-qui-hoang-2/ - 2026-05-11

Education is key to promoting human rights, says Do Qui Hoang - The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Skip to content Search for: Search Button Home About Us Who We Are Our History About Raoul Wallenberg Our Theory of Change Staff Opportunities Annual Reports Whistleblower Our work What we do Multi-Disciplinary Research Higher Education Strategic Advice and Analysis O

https://rwi.lu.se/2014/09/23/education-key-promoting-human-rights-says-qui-hoang/ - 2026-05-11

Some of the most consistently utilized terms in international environmental law are “sustainable development” and “sustainability”. Sustainable development is mentioned in virtually every domestic, regional and international laws on environment, energy and natural resources. This has led to the contentions by some scholars that the concept of sustainable development has matured into customary inte

In polyandrous insects, postcopulatory sexual selection is a pervasive evolutionary force favouring male and female traits that allow control of offspring paternity. Males may influence paternity through adaptations for sperm competition, and females through adaptations facilitating cryptic female choice. Yet, the mechanisms are often complex, involving behaviour, physiology or morphology, and the

Human trafficking consists of a sequence of smaller events taking place over a large span of time and perhaps even over multiple borders. Perpetrators of the crime take people away from their homes and their origins, either through coercion or threat of force, and instead place them in frightful environments where their survival and human dignity is constantly at risk. Legal measures to fight huma

This thesis will be examining two totally different legal systems: Sweden and New Zealand, two jurisdictions which encompass diverse historical, political and constitutional backgrounds. Sweden, to begin with, retains centuries of old constitutional traditions, where a written and entrenched constitution is seen as fundamental. New Zealand, on the other hand, is almost unique in the world in not h

Recent history of contemporary world has substantiated the fact that the secret of enjoying technological and economic leadership, lies in placing a high premium on the system and content of intellectual property (IP) rights. Nations that do so are reaping the fruit of their timely decision and are seen as role models for economic growth. The reason is obvious: the dream of scientific and technolo

Armlängdsprincipen kan betraktas som en av de mest centrala principerna inom den internationella beskattningsrätten. I OECD:s modellavtal, som ligger till grund för utformningen av bilaterala dubbelbeskattningsavtal, stadgas armlängdsprincipen i artikel 9, den regel som tillåter korrigering av ett företags vinst när interna transaktioner prissatts på ett sätt som inte är armlängdsmässigt. SamtidigThe ALP can be considered one of the most significant principles within international taxation law. It is regulated under article 9 of the OECD MTC, which acts as a model for developing new bilateral tax treaties. According to article 9, the profit of an enterprise may be adjusted if the enterprise has been involved in transactions with an associated enterprise on conditions that are not of an arm

Title: What Effects Do Realised Share Repurchases Have on Share Liquidity? Seminar date: 14th of January 2021. Course: FEKH89, Degree Project Undergraduate level, Business Administration - Corporate Finance. 15 ECTS. Authors: Maximilian Holmberg, Amanda Melin, and Marcus von Schéele. Supervisor: Göran Anderson. Key words: Share liquidity, share repurchases, Russell 3000 Index, U.S Stock market

When the United Nations was created in 1945, states were the only significant decision-makers. Even with the construction of the human rights regime in the aftermath of the Second World War, states were designated as the only duty-bearers who could violate international human rights law. States alone were held responsible for implementing human rights principles by enforcing treaty-based obligatio

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka hur EU-rätten har påverkat svenska arbetstagarorganisationers möjligheter att använda sig utav stridsåtgärder och vilka effekter denna påverkan kan ha på den svenska arbetsmarknadsmodellen. För det första måste det sägas att EU-domstolens genom Laval och Viking har gjort det svårare för arbetstagarorganisationer att vidta stridsåtgärder då domstolen ansett aThis thesis has the aim of investigating how EU-law has affected the legal position regarding Swedish trade union’s possibilities of undertaking industrial actions. It also aims at determining whether the influence of EU-law on the right to undertake industrial actions has had any effects on the Swedish model. According to CJEU’s judgements in Laval and Viking it must be said that the possibilit

The European Union (EU) is heading for an increased economic, legal and political integration of its Member States. In spite of all the efforts to bring the people of Europe closer, significant differences in national laws and cultures still exist. Enhanced understanding of such disparities can create opportunities for companies operating on the EU market in several areas, including the way to dea