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Europeiska unionens (EU) huvudmålsättning är att fri rörlighet av varor, personer, tjänster och kapital ska råda inom unionen. Rättsenigheten inom EU har dock brister och det har observerats att det för en väl fungerande inre marknad hade varit behjälpligt med harmonisering av medlemsstaternas civillagstiftning. För detta ändamål har Europeiska kommissionen initierat utformningen av en gemensam reOne of the main goals of the European Union (EU) is to guarantee the free movement of goods, capital, services and people. Divergences in national contract laws are seen as an impediment to this free movement. To overcome this hurdle scholars clearly suggest that the internal market would benefit if the EU had harmonized the private law. The European Commission (EC) has therefore initiated the cre

Oil has been the major fossil fuel since the days of its discovering. It takes a special place in the international energy trade regime, as it is an exhaustible natural resource sensitive to political and economic changes. The instability in oil prices may lead to a considerable disruption of the global economy. The ongoing liberalization of oil markets, the forthcoming WTO accessions of major ene

The thesis integrates three different areas namely conflict prevention, human rights and NHRIs. The underlying assumption, that it is possible to prevent conflicts by implementing human rights, will be challenged. Furthermore, the human rights protection and the existing human rights machinery will be explored. The purpose is to examine and analyze if NHRIs are an efficient tool to implement human

Even though the Community is based upon the principle of an open market economy with free competition, there are certain exemptions to this notion. One of the exemptions is the fulfilment of services of general economic interest, an exemption that elucidates the delicate conflict of interest between Member States' prerogative to provide accessible and affordable public services, and the Commun

Ända sedan Europeiska kommissionen i april 2009 lade fram sitt förslag till AIFM direktiv har det varit föremål för hård kritik och en stor mängd ändringsförslag. Direktivet, som syftar till att reglera den inre marknaden för alternativa investeringsfonder och därigenom minska förekomsten av systemstabilitetsrisker, har kallats protektionistiskt och har föranlett en häftig politisk debatt. Skälet Ever since the European Commission presented its draft proposal of the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive in April 2009, it has been the subject of harsh criticism and a multitude of amendment proposals. The Directive, which aims to regulate the internal market for Alternative Investment Funds (AIF) as to reduce systemic risks, has been labeled protectionist and is the cause of a heate

Swedish law is very keen on the fact that every person should be treated equal when facing the legal system. When it comes to cases concerning children, social workers and judges are expected to strictly obey the rules of the law but at the same time make individual judgements based on the best interest of the child, something that requires a great deal of empathy and knowledge. Is it possible to

Compulsory licensing is used to prevent the owner of an intellectual property right from refusing to exploit that right in a country or from being the sole provider of a product by forcing him to permit competition from other producers', subject only to their payment of a reasonable royalty or licence fee. When a compulsory license is used to remedy an abuse of competition law, issues of confl

Popular Abstract in Swedish Avhandlingen behandlar barns flyttningar hemifrån i det förindustriella bondesamhället. Utöver att studera när barn lämnade hemmet kopplas också flyttningsprocessen till den förindustriella hushållsekonomins funktionssätt. Analysen görs på ett longitudinellt material för ett område i västra Skåne under perioden 1829-1866. Individerna följs från födseln, eller från det aThis study deals with the process of children leaving home and its interactions with the household economy in preindustrial society. A theoretical model of leaving home is outlined and then analyzed multivariately, using a longitudinal micro-level dataset for a sample of parishes in western Scania, Sweden, for the period 1829-1866. In a first introductory part the social and economic background as

Periprostheteic joint infection (PJI) is a rare complication of arthroplasty with severe consequences for the affected patients. PJI most often necessitates additional surgery and prolonged courses of antibiotic treatment, leading to worse functional results and increased societal costs. Evaluating treatment of PJI as well as preventive efforts are essential to increase our understanding of PJI an

We all live with Malaria - We just don’t know it Malaria is one of the world's biggest healthcare obstacles, taking the lives of millions and costing us millions. But what is Malaria? Malaria is an organism, more precisely a parasite, living at the expense of another organism. Even though the majority of humans have never had it, we have probably only been a few hundred meters away from indiv

En bärande princip för klanderprocessen är att hovrätten inte får ägna sig åt någon materiell överprövning. I klanderprocesser prövas i huvudsak om det i skiljeförfarandet förekommit något processuellt fel. För prövningen gäller samma processuella regelverk som för tvistemål i underrätt. Ett av de processuella verktyg som kan användas i klanderprocesser är 42 kap. 5 § 1 st. andra meningen RB. Den One of the basic principles of the challenge process is that the Court of Ap-peals should not engage in any substantive review. In challenge proceedings, the focus is on whether there have been any procedural errors in the arbitration process. The same procedural rules that apply to civil litigation in lower courts are also applicable to these reviews. One of the procedural tools that can be used

Vilka värden som betraktas som viktiga i ett samhälle förändras över tid. Det gäller också i straffrätten. I uppsatsen inringas straffrättsliga värden, med ledning i intressen, som utifrån förarbeten och lagtext framstår som centrala. Ett skyddsintresse som fått en mer framskjuten position under den senare delen av nittonhundratalet är personlig integritet. I detta ligger anspråk på autonomi, frihThe values that are considered important in a society change over time. This also applies to criminal law. The paper identifies values, from interests, in criminal law that appear to be central based on the preparatory work and legal text. One protection interest that gained a more prominent position during the latter part of the twentieth century is personal integrity. This includes claims to aut

2006 antog FN:s generalförsamling Konventionen om rättigheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning (CRPD). Konventionens tillkomst sägs ofta förkroppsliga det paradigmskifte som skett vad gäller synen på människor med funktionsnedsättningar – från att tidigare betraktas som offer i behov av vård, till att ses som rättighetsbärare med krav på samhällsförändring för att kunna delta i samhället på lIn 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The adoption of the convention is often said to embody the paradigm shift that has taken place regarding the view of people with disabilities – from previously being regarded as victims in need of care, to being seen as rights holders with demands for social change in order

I Sverige finns ett antal företag som med stöd av offentlighetsprincipen samlar in personuppgifter ur allmänna handlingar och publicerar dessa i söktjänster på internet. Genom användning av söktjänsterna går det att skapa sig en utförlig bild av en viss individ. Söktjänsterna har i regel beviljats utgivningsbevis och omfattas därför av grundlagsskyddet i YGL. I Sverige har en vedertagen uppfattninIn Sweden, there are several companies that, relying on the principle of public access to official documents, gather personal data and publish this information in online search services. Through use of these services, it is possible to access a detailed profile of a specific individual. The search services have generally been granted a so-called certificate of publication and are consequently prot

Principen att förorenaren betalar är en central miljörättslig princip som innebär att den som orsakat en förorening eller miljöskada ska vara ekonomiskt ansvarig för att denna återställs eller saneras. Principen är emellertid svår att tillämpa i praktiken. Den största svårigheten vid tillämpningen har varit hur ”förorenaren” och ” förorening” ska identifieras och definieras eftersom gemenskapslagsThe polluter-pays principle is an environmental legal principle of utmost importance. It means that the person responsible for environmental damage or pollution should be the one financially responsible for restoring it. The principle is however, difficult to carry out in practice. The biggest difficulty has been to identify and define the “polluter” and the “pollution”. One of the reasons for thi

Dwarf galaxies are a key component in understanding the evolution of galaxies and provide tests on the standard cosmological $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter model. According to the formation hierarchy, dwarf galaxies are the pieces that create all galaxies. Our current understanding of dwarf galaxies faces discrepancies between theory and observations. These problems are mostly due to incompleteness in

Background: Growing corporate awareness of environmental and social impacts, coupled with initiatives like the Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi), is driving companies to address greenhouse gas emissions, particularly indirect Scope 3 emissions which often constitute the largest share of their carbon footprint. For ASSA ABLOY, Scope 3 emissions represent 99% of its total footprint, with purch

Detta examensarbete undersöker och jämför lönsamheten för två olika metoder för underhållsarbeten på järnväg i form av spårbyten utifrån ekonomiska och tidsmässiga aspekter. Dessa metoder är den traditionella traktormetoden och det avancerade spårbyteståget. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka användningen av spårbyteståg och traditionella metoder vid underhållsarbeten på bana i Sverige samt när dThis thesis examines and compares the profitability of two different methods for railway maintenance work in the form of track renewal based on economic and time aspects. These methods are the tractor method and the advanced track renewal trains. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the use of track renewal trains and tractor methods for track maintenance work in Sweden and when the former

Merry Go Round: Rolling-circle telomere elongation Imagine a shoelace. At the end of the shoelace, there is a protective piece called an aglet, keeping the fibers together. A human chromosome is a bit like that, too – long and linear, with a characteristic structure at the end called the telomere, which protects the chromosome from instability. With each cell division, a piece of the telomeric

Ett icke-lagstadgat undantag från upphovsrätten är det s.k. parodiundantaget som kommit att utläsas ur förarbeten till URL och svensk rättspraxis. Parodier har kommit att betraktas som nya och självständiga verk i svensk rätt och har därför sammankopplats med 4 § andra stycket URL. Pastischer har inte uttryckligen nämnts i äldre svenska förarbeten eller svensk rättspraxis, men har antagits inkludeA non-statutory exception to copyright is the so-called parody exception, which have been inferred from legislative history of the Swedish Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works and Swedish case-law. Parodies have come to be regarded as new and independent works in Swedish law and have therefore been linked to Section 4(2) of the Swedish Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works. It