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En betydande del av alla offentliga upphandlingar leder till upprättandet av ramavtal. Denna avtalsform anses vara att föredra vid tillfällen då den upphandlande myndigheten har svårighet att på förhand avgöra vilken volym som kommer behövas, vid vilken tidpunkt leveransen ska ske samt vid osäkerhet kring den exakta utformningen av kontraktsföremålet. 2014 godkände Europaparlamentet tre nya direkA considerable part of all public procurements leads to the establishment of a framework agreement. This form of agreement is considered to be preferable at times when the contracting authority has difficulty to determine the volume that will be needed, at which point delivery is to take place and in the case of uncertainty about the exact framing of the subject- matter of the contract. In 2014,

De svenska reglerna om principalansvar trädde i kraft 1972, när en ny skadeståndslag antogs av Riksdagen. Innan denna tidpunkt hade regler om principalansvar utvecklats i rättspraxis, men omfattningen av detta ansvar hade varit väldigt begränsad. I de flesta fall hade en arbetsgivare inte kunnat hållas ansvarig för de skador som hans anställda vållat i tjänsten. När regler om principalansvar intoThe Swedish regulation of vicarious liability entered into force in 1972, when a new Liability for Damages Act was passed by the parliament. Prior to this point in time, a concept of vicarious liability had developed in Swedish case law, but the scope of such liability had been very limited. In most cases, an employer would not have been held responsible for tortious acts caused by his employees i

Förevarande uppsats behandlar de argument och ställningstaganden som ligger bakom lagstiftarens beslut beträffande assisterad befruktning i allmänhet, och surrogatmoderskap i synnerhet. Den alternativa familjebildningen och den assisterade befruktningens historia går långt tillbaka i tiden, men började på allvar regleras på 1980-talet, då inseminationsutredningen grundligt utredde frågan. VariatThe thesis at hand deals with the arguments and positions underlying the legislators decisions concerning Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in general, and surrogate motherhood in particular. The history of alternative ways to start a family, and ART goes far back. However, it only really began to be the subject of regulation in the 1980s, when the government issued an investigation, to thoro

This dissertation investigates the function of the sea in contemporary British and Irish literature, focusing on the following three novels: Dermot Bolger’s Temptation (2000), John Banville’s The Sea (2005), and Ian McEwan’s On Chesil Beach (2007). The analysis is divided into two main parts, where the sea is considered in its roles as a setting and as a symbol. The former section starts with a su

We could determine the S-phase fraction (SPF) by flow cytometric DNA analysis of paraffin archival material in 160 of 260 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma of extremity and trunk wall. The prognostic value of SPF was compared with other clinicopathological factors. The median follow-up time was 16 (6-31) years. In a univariate analysis, deep tumour location, increasing tumour size and histological

Most, but not all, studies have found that women with a high urinary 2-hydroxyestrogen (2OHE) to 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha OHE1) ratio are at reduced risk for breast cancer and have a better prognosis. The aim was to identify factors associated with the pre-operative 2OHE to 16 alpha OHE1 ratio and factors that predicted the change in the ratio between the pre-operative visit and first fol

Abstract in Uncoded languages U ranijim istraživanjima ratnog nasilja, tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, naglašavana je važnost priča ŽRTAVA ali fokus analize nije bio usmjeren na priče o ratnom nasilju, niti su analizirani poslijeratni intervjui kao produkt međuljudske interakcije. Ovom studijom pokušava se popuniti ta praznina analiziranjem priča osobe koje su preživjele rat u sjeverozapadnoj BoPrevious research on violence during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina have emphasized the importance of narratives without focusing on narratives mentioning war violence, but they have not analyzed stories on war violence that were the product of interpersonal interaction and meaning-making activity. The aim of this study is to fill this knowledge gap by analyzing the narratives of survivors of t

Popular Abstract in Swedish Patienter som drabbats av Parkinsons sjukdom (PD) saknar förmågan att medvetet kontrollera sina rörelser. Livslång medicinering krävs, vilket lindrar symptomen och leder till att rörelsemönstret förbättras, men med varierad effektivitet. Trots att de läkemedel (t ex L-DOPA) som finns tillgängliga idag har fantastisk effekt, minskar deras effektivitet i takt med att sjukParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor deficits such as slowness in movement, difficulty in initiating movement and tremor at rest. The cause of these motor symptoms is the selective loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons, located in the substantia nigra (SN). These neurons project axons to the striatum where they release dopamine, a neurotransm

Objective. The authors aimed to investigate the incidence and outcomes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) and to examine the role of drugs potentially associated with AUGIB. Methods. The study was prospective, population-based and consisted of all patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE), during the year of 2010 at the National University Hospital of Iceland. Dru

Objectives: This study aims to assess patient outcomes and aortic remodelling following coverage of the proximal entry tear with an endograft in complicated acute type B aortic dissections (caTBADs). Material and methods: All patients with caTBAD treated with a thoracic endograft in three high-volume vascular centres were retrospectively studied. Inclusion criteria were branch-vessel malperfusion,

Denna uppsats behandlar den historiska utvecklingen som ledde fram till fri abort i Sverige och USA samt jämför två rättsfall från Europadomstolen och USA:s Supreme Court, A, B and C v. Ireland och Roe v. Wade, för att utöver den historiska kontexten ge en förståelse för den juridiska argumentationen. Rättsfallen fokuserar på rätten till abort i relation till rätten till privatliv och analysen ämnThis essay deals with the historical development which prompted free abortion in Sweden and the United States of America, and compares two cases from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the United State’s Supreme Court, to give an understanding of the legal reasoning behind them. The cases focus on the right to abortion in relation to the right to privacy, the analysis therefore aims to

More than 70% of the population in Ethiopia lack access to electricity and thus rely on traditional sources of energy such as biomass that is associated with negative consequences on health and the environment. Decentralized community-based micro-hydropower plants (MHPs) are being utilized as effective means to transition to modern low-carbon energy systems providing access to electricity to commu

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to determine the abundances of neutron-capture elements in solar neighborhood giant stars. This enables constraints to be put on the the cosmic origin of these elements. I have determined abundances of elements produced in both the weak s-process (Cu), the first and second s-process peaks (Y, Zr and La, Ce, Pr, Nd, respectively) and the r-process (Eu, Gd). The

Åklagarens objektivitetsplikt har under de senaste åren blivit särskilt uppmärksammad med anledning av Thomas Quick-fallet. Under 90-talet erkände Quick ett 30-tal mord, varav han blev dömd för åtta av dem. Emellertid förändrades allt år 2008 när Quick tog tillbaka sina erkännanden. Detta ledde till ett antal omprövningar, där han så småningom blev friad från samtliga åtal. I såväl domstolar som m

Tvister som rör vårdnad av barn ger ofta upphov till svåra bedömningsfrågor för domstolarna. Ofta går svaren inte att finna enbart i lagen utan domstolen måste även beakta sociala utredningar. I 6 kap. 2 a § FB framgår att barnets bästa ska vara avgörande för alla beslut om vårdnad, boende och umgänge. I samma paragraf framgår det att barnets kontakt med båda föräldrar ska beaktas i bedömningen avDisputes involving the custody of children often poses complex judicial questions for the court. Often, answers cannot be found only in the law and therefore the court must also take social investigations into account. The law states that the best interests of the child must be decisive for all decisions regarding custody, residence, and visitation. It also states that the child's contact with

Reliable methods for estimating financial return volatility are crucial in many areas of trading and investing. Two such frameworks, the GARCH and SV, have been of particular interest to academics and practitioners alike. The GARCH model describes the variance of the current innovation as a function of the actual sizes of the previous innovations. In contrast, the stochastic volatility model descr

As a relatively new form of financial asset with unique properties, Bitcoin is increasingly included in portfolios to improve performance. However, research remains limited on how Bitcoin actually affects portfolio performance. This study aimed to broaden the field of research by exploring whether Bitcoin can improve portfolio performance during a global crisis. It sought to answer the question by

En ny anställningsform som växt fram i digitaliseringens fotspår är arbete som utförs via digitala plattformar. Plattformsarbete är en del av en större pågående strukturell förändring, nämligen flexibiliseringen av arbetsmarknaden. Denna strukturella förändring gör att den nuvarande gränsen mellan arbetstagare och uppdragstagare suddas ut. Begreppet arbetstagare anger gränserna för arbetslagstiftnWork supplied through digital platforms is a new form of employment that has emerged in the course of digitalization. Platform work is part of a bigger ongoing structural shift, namely the flexibilisation of working life. This structural shift blurs out the distinction between an employee and a self-employed worker. The personal scope of Swedish labor law is defined by use of the notion of employe

This study compares the two traditional ventilation methods ; mixed ventilation and displacement ventilation, with a new type of dif fuser which attempts to solve the problem with blockage of the diffuser for the displacement ventilation. This new diffuser called Airshower is a product developed by Airson engineering AB whom is also the company where all simulations and tests for this study were

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur familjevåld påverkar bedömningen av barnets bästa i frågor om vårdnad, boende och umgänge. Med våld avses våld riktat mot någon annan i familjen än barnet. Jag har använt mig av tre frågeställningar för att lyfta fram vilken betydelse våldet har för barnet. Den första frågeställningen är mer övergripande och handlar om hur våldet påverkar barnets bästa. DeThe aim of this thesis is to examine how domestic violence affects the decision of what is in the best interest of the child with regards to parental authority judgments. In this thesis the term domestic violence refers to all violence towards another family member except the child himself. The thesis is built upon three questions in order to highlight the impact domestic violence has upon the dec