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Purpose: To determine dosimetric properties of unflattened megavoltage photon beams. Materials and methods: Dosimetric data including depth dose, profiles, output factors and phantom scatter factors from three different beam qualities provided by Elekta Precise linacs, operated with and without flattening filter were examined. Additional measurements of leaf transmission, leakage radiation and sur
The oscillations between glacial and interglacial climate conditions over the past three million years have been characterized by a transfer of immense amounts of water between two of its largest reservoirs on Earth - the ice sheets and the oceans. Since the latest of these oscillations, the Last Glacial Maximum (between about 30,000 and 19,000 years ago), similar to50 million cubic kilometres of
Popular Abstract in Undetermined The transparent wings of tiny parasitic wasps and small flies are remarkably thin, only a few hundreds nanometers thick, and may appear to have a simple structural airfoil design. The thesis deals with new findings about structural color reflections and the ultrastructure of such tiny transparent wings of parasitic wasps. The main discovery is that when seemingly tThe remarkably thin transparent wing membranes in tiny wasps may appear to have a simple structural design, but hide a largely unexplored complex of micro-morphological features that serve aerodynamics and may also function in visual signaling. I found that when such small transparent wings are viewed against a dark background they display vivid structural color patterns due to thin film interfere
Popular Abstract in Swedish Höftfraktur är en vanlig skada, som huvudsakligen drabbar äldre kvinnor, och oftast orsakas av ett ringa våld. Det är vanlig orsak till funktionsnedsättning, sjuklighet och dödlighet hos de äldre. Både incidensen (antal nya fall per antal innevånare och år) av höftfrakturer och det totala antalet har ökat de senaste årtiondena. Höftfrakturer medför stora kostnader för sHip fractures are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients, with a high risk of functional impairment and institutionalization. The incidence and number of hip fractures have increased during the recent decades and hip fractures consume considerable health-care resources. The incidence of hip fractures in Malmö, Sweden, 1992–95, is described in Paper I. The annual incidence pe
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by multiple strictures of the biliary tree. Patients with PSC frequently require repeated endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures. These procedures are encumbered by an increased incidence of infectious adverse events such as cholangitis. Evidence regarding whether antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) should
Objectives: An observed variation in the risk of celiac disease, according to the season of birth, suggests that vitamin D may affect the development of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D concentration is associated with the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) in genetically at-risk children. Study Design: Children prospectively followed in the multinational T
Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats har varit att undersöka åklagarrollen med ett särskilt fokus på objektivitetsprincipen och åklagarens plikter gentemot målsäganden. Målet har varit att försöka utreda vilka eventuella rättssäkerhetsproblem som kan finnas med den nuvarande ordningen. Objektivitetsprincipen innebär ytterst att domstolar och myndigheter i sin verksamhet ska beakta allas likhet inför The purpose of this bachelor thesis has been to examine the role of the prosecutor with a particular focus on the principle of objectivity and the prosecutor's duties towards the plaintiff. The goal has been to investigate the possible problems with the security of justice that may exist with the current regulation. The principle of objectivity ultimately means that the courts and authorities
Individuals with immigrant background generally perform less well in school than non-immigrants. Performing well in school may decrease the risk of substance use disorder (SUD). We investigated whether higher school performance is associated with a decreased risk of SUD in early adulthood among immigrants and non-immigrants and whether subsequent educational attainment and employment status partly
Context: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have identified robust associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 9q22.33 (FOXE1), 14q13.3 (NKX2-1), and 2q35 (DIRC3). Our recently published GWAS suggested additional susceptibility loci specific for the high-incidence Italian population. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify no
Background: The link between squamous cell cervical carcinoma and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 is well established, but the magnitude of the risk association is uncertain and the importance of other high-risk HPV (HRHPV) types is unclear. Methods: In two prospective nested case-control series among women participating in cytologic screening in Sweden, we collected 2,772 cervical smears from 51
Blockkedje-teknologin har skapat ett nytt verktyg för avtalsingående, så kallade smarta kontrakt. Smarta kontrakt möjliggör decentraliserade, digitala och autonoma avtal som exekveras av sig själva när ett antal parametrar är uppfyllda. En grundläggande fråga är om avtal enligt svensk rätt kan ingås på detta sätt. Av denna anledning ställer uppsatsen frågan om huruvida smarta kontrakt uppfyller föBlockchain technology has created a new tool for contract formation: smart contracts. Smart contracts enable decentralized, digital, and autonomous contracts that self-execute when a set of parameters is met. Can contracts under Swedish law be entered into through smart contracts? This is an important question to answer. For that reason, the paper poses the question of whether smart contracts meet
Beginning in the late 20th century, public libraries in Sweden have been offering its patrons the opportunity to check out films just as they would books. Taking place over the last decade, however, the methods by which we predominantly consume films have gone through major changes – mainly caused by our increased digital presence and, more importantly, the extensive development of popular streami
Introduction: This master’s thesis focuses on exploring improved alternative material solutions for antenna radomes used to protect Beyond Gravity Sweden’s satellite antennas in low Earth orbits. Background: As the environment in low Earth orbit is harsh, surface materials on satellites experience high levels of atomic oxygen, ultra violet radiation, thermal-fluctuation, charged particles and mic
I denna uppsats undersöker jag mötet mellan AI och utomobligatorisk ska-deståndsrätt ur ett EU-perspektiv. Jag presenterar två föreslagna direktiv och diskuterar hur dessa kompletterar varandra för att skapa en lagstiftning som är lika effektiv i tekniskt komplicerade fall där rekvisiten är svårare att uppfylla. Jag undersöker också konceptet regulatorisk sandlåda, dess förde-lar ur ett utvecklarpIn this paper, I investigate how the EU plans to address AI in the area of non-contractual liability. I present two proposed directives and discuss how these supplement each other to create a liability regime that remains potent as the cases to which it is applied grow increasingly complicated and condi-tions harder to prove. Secondly, I address the concept of regulatory sand-boxes, its potential
Rum för kontemplation. En plats för eftertanke och stillhet. Vi lever i en värld som går snabbare och snabbare. En urban värld där vi är ständigt uppkopplade, ett prestationssamhälle där ett behov för kontemplation glöms bort. Vilka rum vänder vi oss till för stillhet i vardagen och hur ser egentligen ett rum för kontemplation ut? Arbetet tar avstamp i frågeställningen: “Vilka egenskaper känneteckSpace for contemplation. A place for afterthought and reflection. We live in a world that spins faster and faster. A universe full of impressions, information and experiences are effecting our stress level in a bad way, and our need for quietness and contemplation is forgotten. Where do we go for a minute in silence and serenity? The work has its starting point in the questions: “Which qualities b
Syftet med denna uppsats är att diskutera och analysera huruvida fenomenet ”spanska fönstret” utgör en skattelucka som möjliggör undkommande av kapitalvinstbeskattning vid en flytt från Sverige till Spanien. Detta har utretts mot bakgrund av ett skattenomadstillstånd och skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och Spanien. Rekvisit som ”skattskyldig” och ”hemvist” i artikel 4 i skatteavtalet mellan Sverige oThe purpose of this essay is to discuss and analyze whether the phenomenon called "the Spanish window" consitutes a loop hole that creates a possibility to avoid having to pay tax on capital gains upon emigrating from Sweden to Spain. Legally, the investigation has been conducted in the light of the tax treaty between Sweden and Spain. A tax nomad perspective has also been applied in add
År 2013 infördes en ny EU-förordning (345/2013) med avsikten att underlätta marknadsföring av riskkapitalfonder inom unionen. Tidigare behövde alternativa investeringsfonder (som lyder under LAIF och därmed AIFMD) registreras och marknadsföras under omfattande tillsyn och höga avgifter. Marknadsföring syftar i sammanhanget på kapitalresning från såväl professionella som icke-professionella investeDuring 2013 a new EU regulation on European Venture Capital Funds was carried out to simplify matters for AIFMs when marketing funds throughout the EU. Such AIFMs earlier had to comply with the full legislation of the AIFMD, which is an expensive process. Marketing in this context means the process of raising capital from professional and non-professional investors. The capital raised is subsequen
Infant mortality is a powerful indicator to measure the health and social status of a country. The purpose of this study is to identify the important factors that in uence the infant mortality of Bangladesh. Moreover, this study suggests the government and the policy makers to improve the health and social sectors for reducing the country's infant mortality signicantly. To investigate the impo
