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Malignant melanoma and breast cancer are common malignant diseases characterized by considerable heterogeneity with respect to genetics, histopathology, biology and clinical course. In breast cancer, two major susceptibility genes have been identified, BRCA1 and BRCA2, which account for a significant proportion of high-risk breast cancer families. Breast tumors arising in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation c
Popular Abstract in Swedish Avhandlingen behandlar olika aspekter av produktivitet och ekonomisk tillväxt i Afrika och består av fyra kapitel. I det första kapitlet utförs en analys av de faktorer som påverkar Afrikas tillväxt på lång sikt. Analysen är baserad på en studie av ett antal Afrikanska länder som genomgått stark ekonomisk tillväxt under längre perioder. Studiens främsta slutsatser är atThe thesis comprises an introductory chapter and four research papers. The introductory chapter provides a brief overview of recent economic growth performance in Africa, places the individual papers into a coherent context, summarizes the main findings, and discusses their relevance for economic policy. The first paper, The Role of Capital Accumulation, Adjustment and Structural Change for Take-
During the last years the amount of electricity generated by Distributed Energy Resources (DER), especially wind turbines, has been increasing a lot. These Distributed Generation (DG) units are often connected to rural distribution networks, where they have a large impact on the voltage and the network losses. The network voltage at the customers point of connection is an important quality criteri
According to the UN, in 2050, 70% of the world’s population will live in cities. Already 10 % of those city residents live in mega-cities, such as Rio de Janeiro, with a population of more then 10 million people in its wider area. Thus, how to change the development path of cities and how to make them long-term sustainable becomes increasingly important. Lock-ins and complex intertwined issues of;
There are many signs indicating a climate change, which will affect us globally as well as locally. One of the most obvious effects in Scandinavia is the threatening sea level rise. The sea level rise will affect huge parts of Sweden’s coastal areas. Especially vulnerable is the Falsterbo peninsula in southwest of Scania, Sweden. The low surroundings already today suffer from short term coastal fl
Scientific summary There is a bidirectional relation between climate and vegetation distribution at local as well as global scale. Changes in climate pattern modify the terrestrial vegetation distribution that in turn affects the climate system by altering the balance of radiation, water, momentum, CO2 and other important atmospheric gases. The large-scale changes in vegetation structure and compo
In 1999 the sixteen national environmental quality objectives were adopted by the Swedish parliament and in effort to achieve them the local perspective is considered essential. The environmental quality objectives should, according to the Swedish government, be a part of the municipality's overall policy on sustainable development and it is important that environmental aspects are taken into
The purpose of this Master’s Thesis is to investigate how the risk of onset of mould and decay will change due to a changing climate. The research encompasses the time period 1960-2099 in open fields near the cities Göteborg, Lund, Stockholm and Östersund for the emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1. The risk of onset of mould and decay is studied on wood in outdoor climate as well as the risk of
Demand for the usable water is accumulating globally in parallel with the population growth and the industrial revolution. Nevertheless, availability and accessibility of the usable water is progressively subsiding due to many environmental and socio-economic reasons. This discrepancy can lead the world to a water crisis unless it takes necessary actions to enhance the sustainable use of existing
Examensarbetet jämför tre olika metoder för dimensionering av en spont. Syftet med arbetet är att utreda hur de valda beräkningsmetoderna inverkar på dimensionerande snittmoment och dimensionerande förankringskrafter samt att undersöka hur resultaten från de olika beräkningsmetoderna varierar vid ändring av ingående parametrar. De tre beräkningsmetoder som jämförs är den analytiska metoden från SThis master thesis compares three different methods for dimensioning a sheet pile wall. The purpose is to investigate how the chosen calculation methods affect dimensioning moments and anchoring forces in a sheet pile wall and to investigate how the results from the different calculation methods vary when changing the input parameters. The three calculation methods that are compared are the analy
Källmiljöer är grundvattenberoende ekosystem med en betydande roll för den biologiska mångfalden. Svenska skogar är rika på källor, som riskerar att påverkas av närliggande skogsbruk. I EU-projektet GRIP on LIFE IP som bland annat Skogsstyrelsen deltar i ska våtmarker och vattendrag uppmärksammas och eventuellt restaureras och i dessa naturområden ingår källmiljöer. Syftet med detta examensarbete Spring environments are groundwater dependent ecosystems, which play an important role for biodiversity. In Swedish forests there is an abundance of springs, many of which risk being affected by forestry nearby. In the EU project GRIP on LIFE IP where, among others, the Swedish Forest Agency take part, wetlands and streams will be brought to attention and possibly restored. In these biotopes, spri
Soft biological tissues and engineered hydrogels for biomedical applications are intrinsically multiphasic materials, consisting of solid, fluid and possibly fixed and mobile ions. Understanding their mechanical behaviour requires experimental methods and theoretical models that take their multiphasic nature into account and allow for quantification of material parameters related to the different
In this master’s thesis we aim to answer whether the employees’ awareness of preservation has increased within the Swedish government agencies, on account of the new process oriented archival description developed by the Swedish National Archive. The process oriented archival description is based on the concept of describing archives on the outset of business processes, activities and transactions
Heated buildings induce a heat flow from the building foundation into the ground. The topic of this thesis is the thermal process in the ground and, in particular, the heat losses from the building to the ground. Foundations of the three types slab on the ground, cellar, and crawl-space are dealt with. The crawl-space is treated in separate report. A reasonably complete theory for the thermal pro
The new legal framework for marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) will be formally developed under the United Nations due to demands to fill a legal gap addressing BBNJ loss and justly sharing benefits from BBNJ. Since there is no global legal framework for BBNJ even though related agreements exist (i.e., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Convention on
I takt med att klimatförändringarna får allt större inverkan på människors liv och vardag ökar antalet rättstvister vars talan grundar sig i ett anspråk om att en mänsklig rättighet har kränkts i och med klimatförändringarna. Käromålet utgår från att en rättighet har kränkts med anledning av klimatförändringarna, och att staten bör hållas ansvarig på grund av dess försumliga eller bristfälliga hanAs climate change has an ever-greater impact on people's lives, the number of lawsuits based on a claim that a human right has been violated due to climate change is increasing. The claim assumes that a right has been violated due to climate change, and that the state should be held responsible because of its negligent or inadequate response to the climate changes. This essay examines and defi
Warming is expected to stimulate soil microbial respiration triggering a positive soil carbon-climate feedback loop while a consensus remains elusive regarding the magnitude of this feedback. This is partly due to our limited understanding of the temperature-adaptive response of soil microbial respiration, especially over broad climatic scales. We used the square root (Ratkowsky) model to calculat
Dryland ecosystems are a major source of land cover, account for about 40% of Earth's terrestrial surface and net primary productivity, and house more than 30% of the human population. These ecosystems are subject to climate extremes (e.g. large-scale droughts and extreme floods) that are projected to increase in frequency and severity under most future climate scenarios. In this modelling study w
In recent years, Large Scale Land Acquisitions (LSLA), direct land tenure changes have been gaining momentum in developing countries. In this study, we evaluate the potential extent to which agricultural land deals in Africa are able to address the host countries’ food security needs, a commonly cited motivation for their establishment. First, we develop a framework to evaluate the priority food s
