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A great deal of literature has analyzed the relationship between warfare and state capacity in late-modern and contemporary times. While there is a consensus regarding the significant impact of mass warfare on fiscal expansion during the twentieth century, the interplay between warfare and fiscal capacity in the nineteenth century remains disputed. This paper sheds light on this issue by making us
Carbohydrate foods differ considerably in their effects on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Qualitative differences among starchy foods are particularly intriguing because of the dominance of starch in human diets. This paper focuses on food properties in cereal (eg, pasta, bread, Arepas, and porridge) and legume products (eg, red kidney beans and lentils) that affect metabolic response
This paper examines the determinants of hip fracture costs and further evaluates potential savings in costs when the occurrence of hip fracture is prevented. The costs of hip fracture are comprised of direct costs from health care and the social welfare system. Data were collected for 1,080 postmenopausal women admitted from private residence for primary hip fracture surgery during the year of 199
Realism as a theory of science, in the view of the author of this paper, provides elegant solutions to several puzzles and dilemmas, not only in philosophy, but also to some of the most fundamental theorerical and methodological problems in social science. This paper introduces scientific realism, and presents one way of applying it to social science.
The complexity of the human brain derives from the intricate interplay of molecular instructions during development. Here we systematically investigated gene expression changes in the prenatal human striatum and cerebral cortex during development from post-conception weeks 2 to 20. We identified tissue-specific gene coexpression networks, differentially expressed genes and a minimal set of bimodal
The nauplius eye and frontal organs in the Malacostraca have been investigated. The present work is a direct continuation of the author's investigation of the same organs in decapod malacostracans (Elofsson, 1963). The results obtained confirm the recognition of a nauplius eye sensu iatu and a nauplius eye sensu strictu. The former is a combination of the latter and the dorsal frontal organ. It oc
The present investigation concerns the nauplius eye and frontal organs in decapod Crustaceans. Representatives from all groups of the Decapoda are included. Some of the more important results are abstracted.The nauplius eye in several families within the Eucyphidea is more complicated than generally believed. It consists of a nauplius eye s. s. with three cups and three sensory cells in each and t
Background: Much is unknown regarding the regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in the human central nervous system. It has been hypothesized that amyloidogenic APP-processing preferentially occurs in the regulated secretory pathway of neurons. To test this hypothesis we looked for correlations of APP-derived molecules in CSF with chromogranin (Cg) derived peptides, representing
Introduction: Causes of hyponatraemia in older patients are multivariate and in the case of SIADH may often be drug induced. Diagnostic and treatment algorithms are unclear for this important age group. Methods: The author group identified 6 broad themes for consensus and formulated 42 separate consensus statements within these 6 themes. Statements were then circulated to geriatricians, general p
The principle of non-discrimination and its exceptions play an essential role in relation to safeguard measures. According to WTO law safeguard measures are to be applied in a non-discriminative manner, which means that they shall target all imports of the product at issue irrespective of their origin. This principle is however not always upheld.
Surprisingly few studies connect the chemical, mechanical, and hydrological evolution of rock as it weathers to saprolite and soil. We assess this coevolution in granodiorite from Monterey Peninsula, California, by measuring changes in bulk chemistry, mineralogy, volumetric strain, the oxidation state of Fe in biotite crystals, tensile strength, abrasion rate, connected porosity, and hydraulic con
The cancer microenvironment has been attracting increasing attention as the realization of its importance for both disease treatment and malignant progression. Here the aim was to elucidate some of the effects and mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment related to the extracellular matrix (ECM). We hypothesized that collagen fibril assembly is an instrumental component in the formation of the bar
The widespread growth of reefs formed by a framework of biogenic constructors and frame-lacking carbonate mounds began on Baltica during Ordovician time. Previously, Ordovician reef and mound development on Baltica was considered to be sporadic and local. A review of all known bioherm localities across the Baltic Basin reveals a more consistent pattern. Ordovician bioherms grew in a wide E–W-align
Attempts at modernization typically include change. We argue that, in a long term perspective, these change attempts tend to be balanced with reforms or measures aiming at stability. Many of the measures that are taken today, after years of New Public Management (NPM) reforms, aim at securing continuity and quality within the existing structures, meaning a public administration characterized by st
The income velocity of money declined sharply in Sweden between the 1870's and the outbreak of World War I. This decline is explained by a monetization process. An account of this process is given focusing on (a) the growth of commercial banking, (b) changes in wage contracts and in labor markets, and (c) changes in exchange arrangements in the markets for goods. A number of proxy measures of the
Microencapsulation by spray drying of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions provides a means to encapsulate functional lipophilic ingredients. The active ingredient is dispersed in continuous solid phase providing protection. However, the encapsulation efficiency depends on the microstructure and morphology of the dry particles influenced by several mechanisms occurring during processing such as oil drople
