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We present a variational assimilation system around a coarse resolution Earth System Model (ESM) and apply it for estimating initial conditions and parameters of the model. The system is based on derivative information that is efficiently provided by the ESM's adjoint, which has been generated through automatic differentiation of the model's source code. In our variational approach, the length of
Rysk-amerikanska Emma Goldman och kinesiska He-Yin Zhen kom från två olika delar av världen och var aktiva inom olika kunskapstraditioner och kulturer. Ändå var de båda anarkister som kämpade för kvinnlig frigörelse, och båda var de kritiska till de samtida rörelserna som stred för kvinnors politiska rättigheter. Det finns få studier som jämför tidig amerikansk feminism med tidig kinesisk feminismRussian-American Emma Goldman and Chinese He-Yin Zhen came from different parts of the world, and thus weren’t active within the same knowledge systems and cultures. However, they were both anarchists fighting for the liberation of women, and both were strongly criticising the contemporary women’s suffrage movements. Few comparisons have been made between early Chinese feminism and early American
In the newly founded state Kosovo, the women’s rights movement has become a strong voice on gender equality and contributes in important ways to strengthening women’s rights. At the same time, highly gendered political structures restrict the movement’s access to political influence. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the political opportunities and challenges that the movement faces hav
This study examined how outer and expanding circle cultures were depicted in two English as a foreign language (EFL) textbooks aimed at English 5 in Swedish upper secondary school. Moreover, it was investigated to what extent these depictions aligned with the steering documents by helping students fulfil the aims related to intercultural competence (ICC). In order to develop ICC, students must see
Financial Repression is increasingly recognized as a viable approach to address high and unsustainable debt levels. Despite its history dating back to the early-mid 1900s, the economic implications of Financial Repression have yet to be fully explored. This paper investigates the effects of Financial Repression, specifically the relationship between two key economic indicators: the exchange rate a
Today there is ample evidence that the Cognitive Interview (CI) enhances witnesses' memory. However, less is known about how the CI affects eyewitnesses' confidence. To address this shortcoming we conducted a study analyzing how realism in confidence was affected by the CI. All participants (n = 79) were first shown a filmed kidnapping. After 2 weeks we interviewed one-third of the participants ac
The land surface temperature (LT) is a crucial variable that governs the energy and radiation budget of the earth's atmosphere and influences land-atmosphere interactions. The LT plays a crucial role mainly in the short-range forecast of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. The primary research goal in this research work undertaken is to assess the impact of assimilation of LT data from the
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease that turned into a pandemic and led to seven million deaths around the globe. A herculean effort was made by world scientific community to develop various therapies including vaccines against COVID-19 in record time. Use of nanomedicine was one among the different treatment strategies tried against COVID-19. Nanocarriers were effectively
A new microphysical treatment that includes aerosol–cloud interactions and secondary ice production (SIP) mechanisms is implemented in the convection scheme of the Community Atmosphere Model, version 6 (CAM6). The approach is to embed a 1D Lagrangian parcel model in the bulk convective plume of the existing deep convection parameterization. Aerosol activation, growth processes including collision/
The chapter studies the relationship between inequality and institutional change in the long-run. The key message is that societies change slowly and unpredictably because of path dependency of economic, political, and social institutions. Prevalent inequalities between different groups rooted in history may help to explain why change does not take place. This has implications for the results that
What is the impact of the Qualification Directive on the Swedish legal system?
This chapter provides a physical background to the following ones. It describes the particle and wave properties of light, and the diffraction, polarization, refraction, reflection, and absorption of light, statistics of photon emission and absorption. Planck's law of heat radiation is described in various mathematical and graphical ways. One section is devoted to a simplified description of the p
Based on high-resolution spectra obtained with the MIKE spectrograph on the Magellan telescopes we present detailed elemental abundances for 64 red giant stars in the inner and outer Galactic disk. For the inner disk sample (4-7 kpc from the Galactic centre) we find that stars with both thin and thick disk abundance patterns are present while for Galactocentric distances beyond 10 kpc, we only fin
