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Development of type-II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) is dependent on activation of CII-reactive T cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to play a crucial role in antigen-specific priming of T cells but it is still unclear how the CII-reactive T cells are primed since Langerhans cells (LCs) are poor antigen-presenting cells for CII. In the present study we show that LCs, treated with c

Interferon (IF) was produced in glia and glioma cell lines in titers comparable to those produced by human fibroblasts. It was inducible by both Sendai virus and polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid. "Superinduction" resulted in up to 500-fold-higher titers of IF. The IF appeared to be of the fibroblast type, as revealed by experiments using heat treatment, assay of antiviral activity in hetero

Since the mass protests erupted in early 2011 has the Arab Spring been the central focus for studies from various approaches. This study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the Arab Spring from the perspective of democratisation theory. More specifically, the study analyses the case of the Arab Spring as a set of paths determined by the interplay of class actors. In doing so, the study fol

In this afterword, Marie Cronqvist, Fredrik Mohammadi Norén, and Emil Stjernholm tie together the chapters in Media Tactics in the Long Twentieth Century and summarise some of the book's key themes. Three key knowledge contributions are highlighted. First, the volume foregrounds tactics as a study object in itself, not just the effects or outcomes of strategic thinking. Second, the book counters t

The effect of adding a Thermomyces (formerly Humicola) lanuginosa lipase (TLL) to a cubic dispersion of the binary monoolein (MO)-(H2O)-H-2 system and to vesicles formed by the ternary MO-sodium oleate (NaO)(H2O)-H-2 system at high water content has been studied. The change in lipid aggregate structure during the lipolytic process was observed by light microscopy, cryo-TEM, and dynamic light scatt

T cells are crucial players in cell-mediated immunity. The specificity of their receptor, the T cell receptor (TCR), is central for the immune system to distinguish foreign from host antigens. Superantigens are bacterial toxins capable of inducing a toxic immune response by cross-linking the TCR and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and circumventing the antigen specificity. Here

Biochar produced in cookstoves has the potential to contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon while also providing other benefits for sustainable development, including provision of clean renewable energy and increased yields in tropical agriculture. The aim of the reported research was to estimate effects on food production, household energy access and life c

The focus of this paper is on aid and relief work after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand. Six provinces in the south of Thailand were hit by the tsunami and the catastrophe is estimated to have altered the lives of more than 50,000 people. A disaster always hits the underprivileged hardest. Many of those who survived the tsunami had lost their homes, families, relatives, and neighbours, a