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Voluntary agreements represent a policy instrument for applying new knowledge, routines or technology to specified issues. The traditional role of an authority when using information, and taking economic, or administrative measures is that of an initiator and controller. Voluntary agreements, on the other hand, represent a communication process between an authority and a partner where relations of
The Kyoto target for Romania was to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 8 % from the 1989 levels. The 1989 emissions were around 260 million tones. In 2000 the net CO2 emission - some 125 million tones - were 54% of the net CO2 emission in the reference year -1989, leaving some 115 million tones as a reserve or as a tradable resource to other countries that can not met their Kyoto targets. Assu
The environmental impact of an extended property close source-separation system for solid household waste (i.e. a systems for collection of recyclables from domestic properties) is investigated in a residential area in southern Sweden. Since 2001, households have been able to source-separate waste into six fractions of dry recyclables and food waste sorting. The current system was evaluated using
Abstract in UndeterminedThe present paper describes how the control of a radiator system connected to a district heating (DH) network via a heat exchanger can be optimized to provide the lowest possible DH return temperature. This can be achieved for each operating point by employing an optimal combination of radiator circuit supply temperature and circulation flow rate. The control algorithm grad
Carboxylic acids are important bulk chemicals that can be used as building blocks for the production of polymers, as acidulants, preservatives and flavour compound or as precursors for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Today, their production mainly takes place through catalytic processing of petroleum-based precursors. An appealing alternative would be to produce these compounds from renewable re
Establishing an advanced European bioeconomy is an important step in achieving the transition towards sustainable development and away from fossil fuels. The bioeconomy can be defined as an economy based on the sustainable production and conversion of renewable biomass into a range of bio-based products, chemicals, and energy. Several strategies have been produced in Europe from different perspect
Background: Energy citizenship has emerged as a concept which attempts to capture the new role envisaged for urban citizens as engaged and active in the energy transition. However, exactly how to successfully engage energy citizens requires more research and this article aims to contribute to this knowledge gap. The article presents a new methodology, ‘Walking with Energy’, which seeks to (re)conn
Numerous cost-optimal studies have been undertaken by EU member states to define minimum energy performance requirements for buildings within that member state in accordance with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. As few of these studies have examined the effect of heating and ventilation system parameters on life cycle cost (LCC) and energy use in detail, this paper analysed 84 HVAC s
Social housing providers have recently emerged as unlikely innovators of low carbon transitions in the UK residential sector. They tend to have a significant amount of influence over large housing stocks, op- portunities to access funding to retrofit on a large scale, can make explicit connections between reduced carbon emissions and improved quality of life for low-income residents, and foster a
Rice straw is an important low-cost feedstock for bio-based economy. This report presents a study in which rice straw was used both as a source for isolation of bacteria producing the biodegradable polyester polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), as well as the carbon source for the production of the polymer by the isolated bacteria. Of the 100 bacterial isolates, seven were found to be positive for PHA prod
This article presents several sport clubs in Finland connected to an organization Idrottsförening Kamraterna (Sporting Society Comrades), also known as IFK that originated in Sweden in 1895. The idea of IFK clubs reached Finland in 1897 and spread throughout the country. The beginning of the twentieth century was a period of growth and expansion for IFK, both in Sweden and Finland. IFK clubs forme
In times of climate change political goals concern a reduction in total energy consumption and to use energy more efficiently. To achieve this, users need to transform their behaviour and start reflecting on their energy use. This paper discusses three different methods for visualising energy use, namely information tools, keeping time-diaries and using the 'Power-Aware Cord'. Each method has its
Energy is an important social resource on which we depend in our everyday lives; however, energy-related emissions constitute a major environmental load, so we need to use energy more efficiently. To develop sustainable energy systems, users should transform their behavior and start reflecting on their energy use. This paper discusses different methods for visualizing household energy use. We will
This thesis explores the transport of thermally and optically excited electrons invarious nanowire structures. On one hand, electrons are thermally excited when thetemperature is nonzero, and the thermal energy help them surmount energy barriersthat are present in the material. On the other hand, when the electron distributionsat different part of the material are out-of-equilibrium due to thermal
1.INTRODUCTIONBefore the phase-out of incandescent lamps in the EU, interior lighting was responsible for approximately 20% of average household electricity use in Sweden. To save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a major societal goal is to switch from light sources with low lm/W to ones with higher luminous efficacy and to reduce wasteful energy behaviour, while still meeting end user
Electric road systems (ERS) are technologies that allow to charge electric vehicles (EVs) while they are driving. A large scale implementation of ERS would allow to significantly reduce the installed battery capacity on board the vehicles, which consequently reduces their weight and cost. Due to geographical, practical and economic constraints the ERS is not expected to cover the full extension of
This paper assesses the potential changes in the demand for forest-based biomass for various energy purposes in Sweden in 2030 and 2050, respectively. The assessment is based on a review of scenarios and predictions of how the Swedish energy system may develop, taking into account techno-economical conditions. It includes potential changes in district heating, electricity production in combined he
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising candidates for future energy systems due to their ability to use renewable fuels and that they are energy efficient. A fully coupled two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the finite element method (using COMSOL Multiphysics) is developed to describe an intermediate temperature SOFC single cell. Governing equations for various
