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RATIONALE: Caffeine is commonly used in preterm infants to improve respiratory function. However, the optimal strategies for caffeine initiation have not been defined. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relative benefits and harms of different indications and timings for caffeine initiation in preterm infants. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and trial registries up to 23 April 2025.
RATIONALE: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common bacterial infections in children worldwide, and the most common reason for prescribing antibiotics. Although serious complications (e.g. mastoiditis or meningitis) are rare, the infection causes acute pain and can lead to hearing impairment. Since AOM often resolves spontaneously, current treatment guidelines recommend an approach of wa
As the field of neural organoids and assembloids expands, there is an emergent need for guidance and advice on designing, conducting and reporting experiments to increase the reproducibility and utility of these models. In this Perspective, we present a framework for the experimental process that encompasses ensuring the quality and integrity of human pluripotent stem cells, characterizing and man
Autonomous robots must operate reliably and safely under uncertain, dynamic conditions over extended periods. To ensure such operational robustness, it is vital that both developers and operators can clearly and verifiably specify functional requirements and safety constraints throughout the robot software lifecycle. My research targets different layers of robot operational safety: early error det
Mesosiderites are rare, differentiated meteorites, so-called stony-iron meteorites—they are impact breccias composed of an unusual mix of crustal basalt and pyroxenite, core-derived metal, but no mantle materials. This odd mixture makes their origin enigmatic and has inspired many different formation theories over the last several decades. Some of the outstanding questions have regarded the origin
Low-carbon behaviour changes are essential for achieving the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5° Celsius. Increasingly, it is recognised that such behaviour changes cause further effects in individuals' lifestyles, which are important to understand for the success of such low-carbon behaviour changes. Rebound effects can occur that undermine the carbon savings, and individual well-bein
We extend and strengthen a theorem of Bates that says that row-finite graphs that are strong shift equivalent have Morita equivalent graph C*-algebras. This allows us to ask whether our stronger notion of Morita equivalence does in fact characterise strong shift equivalence. We believe this will be relevant for future research on infinite graphs and their C*-algebras. We also study in-splits and o
This paper addresses the consensus problem and the formation problem on SE(3) in multi-agent systems with directed and switching interconnection topologies. Several control laws are introduced for the consensus problem. By a simple transformation, it is shown that the proposed control laws can be used for the formation problem. The design is first conducted on the kinematic level, where the veloci
The landscape of healthcare is experiencing a digitalization shift, transferring many medical activities to the patients’ homes, a phenomenon commonly referred to as Hospital-at-Home. While Internet of Things (IoT) devices facilitate the building of such systems, there is a need for powerful middleware that encapsulates device-to-device communication, and enables the construction of user-friendly,
A Python package to evaluate Wannier, Wannier–Stark, and EZ (both energy and location Z resolved) levels for quantum cascade lasers is presented. We provide the underlying theory in detail with a focus on the orthonormality and periodicity of the generated states.
The Neumann–Neumann method is a commonly employed domain decomposition method for linear elliptic equations. However, the method exhibits slow convergence when applied to semilinear equations and does not seem to converge at all for certain quasilinear equations. We therefore propose two modified Neumann–Neumann methods that have better convergence properties and require fewer computations. We pro
Product design requirements are becoming more and more complex, while the number of available materials is increasing. Polymeric materials are still dominant in many applications, replacing other manufacturing materials. Gears are one of the mechanical parts that are increasingly made of plastic. To effectively replace metal materials, the design process and product material must meet all applicat
This paper presents bounds on radiation efficiency and gain for microstrip patch antennas, demonstrating close alignment with the performance of classic antenna designs. These bounds serve as effective benchmarks for assessing antenna performance and evaluating trade-offs and design feasibility. The study particularly addresses the trade-off between miniaturization and performance by comparing bou
Nonoverlapping domain decomposition methods have been utilized for a long time to solve linear and nonlinear elliptic problems, and more recently, parabolic problems. Despite this, there is no convergence theory for nonlinear elliptic and parabolic equations on general Lipschitz domains in Rd, d ≥ 2. We therefore develop a Steklov–Poincaré theory for nonlinear elliptic and parabolic problems and s
Fruit juices are widely consumed due to their affordability, nutritional value, and convenience. As global health consciousness rises, the fruit juice market is projected to grow from $153.17 billion in 2024 to $209.51 billion by 2029. Membrane processes, first introduced in the 1970s, have become essential in juice production, offering precise separation at low temperatures. The fruit juice indus
