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It is a common experience among children to witness domestic violence, but how much does it affect the child later on in life? The purpose of this paper is to present what happens to the child mentally and physically when domestic violence against women results in the death of a mother and the imprisonment of a father. The paper also presents ways to minimize the impact the event has on the child.

On the 23 September 2020 the European Commission launched the Pact on Migration and Asylum, introducing five legislative proposals, which inter alia aim at ensuring that only people with clear protection needs enter the European Union (EU). To reach this objective, the European Commission introduced a so-called pre-entry phase, consisting of firstly, the proposed screening procedure, a five-day pr

This thesis, informed by democratic backsliding theory, neocolonialism, reproductive governance and backlash theory, examines how the Mexico City Policy has become a political instrument through which reproductive rights are regulated within U.S. foreign assistance. The thesis argues that the repeated reinstatements and successive expansions of the policy since its introduction in 1984 do not mere

Interannual variability of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink is substantially regulated by various environmental variables and highly dominates the interannual variation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Thus, it is necessary to determine dominating factors affecting the interannual variability of the carbon sink to improve our capability of predicting future terrestrial carb

Remote sensing observations of variables related to vegetation at microwave and optical/infrared wavelengths are presented over three regions in Europe in the Iberian peninsula, northern Finland and central Europe. They include the instrumented sites of Las Majadas, Sodankyla and Reusel. The final goal is to better constrain land carbon cycle models using the complementarities of vegetation optica

Study region: Two hyper-arid regions (Atbara and Kassala stations) in Sudan. Study focus: The study aims to evaluate the potential of the D-vine Copula-based quantile regression (DVQR) model for estimating daily ETo during 2000–2015 based on various input structures. Further, the DVQR model was compared with Multivariate Linear quantile regression (MLQR), Bayesians Model Averaging quantile regress

Agroecosystem photosynthesis is key to coping with global climate change. In farmland where human activities are highly involved, the interaction between environmental factors and their influences on gross primary productivity (GPP) are insufficiently understood. Particularly, the irrigation and mulching in water-saving agriculture can alter the crop responses to environmental change. Based on edd

Efforts to develop effective climate mitigation strategies for agriculture require methods to estimate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil. Process-based biogeochemical models have been often used for field- and large-scale estimates, while the sensitivity and uncertainty of model applications to incubation experiments are less investigated. In this study, a process-oriented model (CoupModel)

• Semiarid regions control a large fraction of the interannual variability in the global terrestrial CO2 sink and of atmospheric CO2 growth rate. • Semiarid ecosystems are characterized by recurring disturbances that alter the regional C budgets. As disturbances are expected to become more frequent or intense in the future, quantifying their contribution to semiarid C balance is crucial. • We revi

In response to rapid climate change and increasing human pressure, a wide variety of taxa have shifted their distribution in the past decades (range shift), with important consequences for ecosystem services and human health and economy. However, it is not yet clear whether most species will be able to track their favourable habitats or lag behind the climate signal (migration lag). Studying the p

Terrestrial ecosystems are the largest sink for carbon, and their ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) regulates variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Current process-based ecosystem models used for estimating GPP are subject to large uncertainties due to poorly constrained parameter values. In this study, we implemented a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) on paramet

Amassing the available solar energy over the Sahara desert, through the installation of a large-scale solar farm, would satisfy the world’s current electricity needs. However, such land use changes may affect the global carbon cycle, possibly offsetting mitigation efforts. Here a fully coupled Earth System model EC-Earth was used to investigate the impact of a Saharan solar farm on the terrestrial

Challenges in drought monitoring hinder social development. In this study, a robust drought monitoring framework composed of ten indicators was established based on the standard precipitation actual evapotranspiration (SPAEI) index calculated using the maximum entropy production (MEP) model. Additionally, the relationship between meteorological drought and agricultural development was analyzed. Th

We compare Holocene tree cover changes in Europe derived from a transient Earth system model simulation (Max Planck Institute Earth System Model - MPI-ESM1.2, including the land surface and dynamic vegetation model JSBACH) with high-spatial-resolution time slice simulations performed in the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator) and pollen-based quantita

The northern hemisphere has experienced regional cooling, especially during the global warming hiatus (1998-2012) due to ocean energy redistribution. However, the lack of studies about the natural cooling effects hampers our understanding of vegetation responses to climate change. Using 15,125 ground phenological time series at 3,620 sites since the 1950s and 31-year satellite greenness observatio

Introduction: The ability of species to colonize newly suitable habitats under rapid climate change can be constrained by migration processes, resulting in a shift of the leading edge lagging behind the ameliorating climate, i.e. migration lag. The importance and extent of such migration lags during the forest expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are still debated. Similarly, the relativ

In this article, we present the first demonstration of the FengYun-3E (FY3E) Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II-Reflectometry (GNOS-R) payload's capacity to detect near-surface soil freeze/thaw (F/T) states. This study offers an initial analysis of the F/T retrieval algorithm applied to data collected from the Arctic Circle, underscoring the GNOS-R's potential to deliver lon