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Uppgiftsskydd och marknadsexklusivitet är två nya immaterialrättsliga skydd till fördel för forskande läkemedelsföretag. Dessa skydd utgör komplement till bland annat patent och upphovsrätt och syftar till att skydda läkemedelsföretagens produkter från konkurrens. Uppgiftsskydd och marknadsexklusivitet har funnits i EU:s lagstiftning sedan 1987 men har först de senaste åren fått en ökad betydelse Data exclusivity and marketing exclusivity are two new forms intellectual property rights, for the benefit of pharmaceutical companies. They constitute a complement to other IPRs, including patent and copyright, and are intended to provide new pharmaceutical products with a limited time of protection against competition. Data exclusivity and marketing exclusivity has been a part of EU legislation

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Jorderosion är ett stort problem som breder ut sig i samband med att den naturliga vegetationen avverkas. Erosion bidrar till en försämring i markkvalitet och sänker därmed markens produktionskapacitet. Sri Lanka är en världsledande exportör av te där småböndernas produktion är en viktig komponent. Teodlingen på Sri Lanka präglas av landets klimat och branta topoSoil erosion is a major problem which is expanding as the natural vegetation is replaced by cultivations. This results in land degradation which decreases the quality and fertility of the soil. Sri Lanka is world leading on the market of tea, with smallholders contributing to an important amount of the production. Tea cultivation in Sri Lanka is highly influenced by the climate and varying topogra

Inom ramen av sin recension av Ross’ bok On Law and Justice presenterade Hart mycket framgångsrikt vad han senare skulle bli känd för inom rättsfilosofin - den interna ståndpunkten. I sin kritik av Ross rättsteori hävdade Hart att rättsliga omdömen om giltighet främst skall uppfattas som interna, normativa omdömen och som ett uttryck för acceptans av lagen som en beteendestandard. Han uppfattade iWith his review of Ross’s book On Law and Justice, Hart introduced something for which he later on, would become famous in legal philosophy – the internal point of view. In his criticism of Ross’s legal theory, Hart claimed that legal statements of validity are primarily internal, normative statements, manifesting acceptance of the law as a standard of behaviour. He did not acknowledge the possibi

Migrant women facing domestic violence in the Council of Europe have been traditionally characterised, except in some national countries, as not having any legal possibility to leave the situation with proper resources, or being able to guarantee their stay in the country they are living. Since the approval of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and

Varumärkesrätten har alltid varit territoriell till sin natur, vilket har inneburit att skyddet som en innehavare av rättigheten ges enbart har varit begränsat till ett specifikt land. Denna territorialitet har visat sig vara svår att förena med Internets gränslösa och allestädes närvarande natur. I denna uppsats har jag utrett och diskuterat frågor som uppkommer vid gränsöverskridande varumärkesiTrademark law has always been territorially limited by its nature which has lead to the situation where the protection, granted to the owner of the right to a specific mark, has been limited to that specific territory. This territorial aspect has proven to be hard to reconcile with the borderless and ubiquitous nature of the Internet. In this thesis I have examined and discussed issues that arise

Den främsta orsaken till en ökad växthuseffekt anses idag bero på en högre koncentrationav koldioxid i atmosfären. Sedan den industriella revolutionen harmänniskan påverkat mängden koldioxid i atmosfären genom aktiviteter så somförbränning av fossila bränslen, avskogning, förändringar i markanvändning, samtcementproduktion. För att kunna motverka framtida klimatförändringar krävs enfördjupad kunskThis thesis focuses on the development and application of efficient mathematicaltools for estimating and modelling the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the Earth and its atmosphere; here referred to as the global CO2 surface flux.There are two main approaches for estimating the CO2 flux: Processed based(bottom-up) modelling and atmospheric inversion (top-down) modelling. Thefirst part of t

Denna kunskapssammanställning beskriver hur hälsoskadlig värme kan uppstå inomhus, hur den kan identifieras och vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas med fokus på fastighetsägarens ansvar. Sammanställningen är begränsad till befintliga byggnader i Sverige och inkluderar skolor, äldreboenden, lägenheter, förskolor och kontor som är icke-industriella (utan industriella processer som producerar värme). Den pThis literature review describes how heat stress can develop indoors, how it can be identified, and what actions can be taken, with a focus on property owner’s responsibilities. The review is limited to existing buildings in Sweden and includes schools, retirement homes, apartments, preschools, and non-industrial offices (those without industrial processes that produce heat). The expected climate

IGF-1 is an essential regulator of fetal growth and brain development. Preterm birth in the human is followed by a rapid decrease in serum levels of IGF-1 and decreased levels of IGF-1 have been associated with development of severemorbidity. A recent clinical trial indicated that supplementation with IGF-1 prevented development of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in extremely preterm infa

As interest in the processes of integration of immigrants and ethnic minorities grows among European scholars, the role of multiple actors in shaping civic and political participation by people of migrant background needs to be further examined. Building on the literature on migration, this study addresses the following research question: What accounts for differences in forms of civic and politic

The French court dress Le grand habit, worn at many European courts during the 18th century, was introduced in Sweden in the 1740’s by the crown princess Lovisa Ulrika, sister to Fredric II of Prussia. The robe de cour remained the official ceremonial dress for women at the Swedish court until Gustavus III launched the Swedish National Costume in 1778. The four robes de cour preserved in the Royal

In laser-wakefield acceleration (LWFA), a femtosecond laser pulse is tightly focused in a gas to intensities exceeding 1018 W/cm2 . The laser radiation ionizes the medium and excites a plasma wave that travels behind the laser pulse. Electrons can be trapped in the oscillations in the plasma density, where electric fields of the order of several hundreds of GV/m accelerate them to relativistic ene

The overall purpose of this thesis is to improve our understanding of how disaster risk management (DRM) systems function. Specifically, it aims to increase our knowledge about effective communication in a multi-stakeholder, multi-level DRM system, with a particular focus on the exchange of risk-related information for risk assessment. The Swedish DRM system is taken as a study case to examine how

This thesis deals with epitaxial growth and optical properties of semiconductor nanowires with implications and insights about materials for solar cells. The chapters leading up to the papers give a broader background and an introduction to the field and include nanowires and their synthesis, semiconductor properties, solar cell operational principles, light interaction with a nanowire array, and

Whole blood is rich in information about the physical state of an individual and is routinely used in a variety of clinical and research applications. In this thesis, the use of a microfluidic technique called acoustophoresis for separation of different blood components is explored. Acoustophoresis uses an ultrasonic standing wave field to manipulate cells in a microfluidic device. Cells within th

The global society is dependent on transportation to function and a big part of these transports are driven by an internal combustion engine. Heavy-duty vehicles utilizes conventional diesel combustion is a combustion concept where the fuel is often ignited during the injection event and while it gives a high combustion efficiency, the combustion mode is also characterized by high emission of NOx

Popular Abstract in Swedish Den s.k. "uncertain dichotomous choice" modellen används för att beskriva gruppbeslut. Modellen består av två komponenter: gruppstruktur och röstsystem. Gruppen utgörs av ett antal personer med ett gemensamt mål. Medlemmarnas uppgift är att välja ett av de två givna alternativen, av vilka det ena är korrekt. Dessa två symmetriska alternativ antas så utformade att det inA probabilistic framework used in studying collective decision making is the uncertain dichotomous choice model. The model is essentially characterized by two components: the organizational structure and the voting process. By organizational structure, we refer to a group composed of members with common objectives and who are tasked to choose one of the two given alternatives, one of which is assu

Popular Abstract in Swedish Det har blivit vanligt med beskrivningar av hur olika trender påverkar det sätt på vilket arbetslivet utformas. I första hand rör det sig om informationsteknikens inflytande inom i stort sett alla samhällsområden men det handlar också om en globaliserad ekonomi, ökad konkurrens, samt strävan efter högre kvalitet och större flexibilitet. Denna utveckling kan förstås som The study explores the interaction of general management ideas like TQM (here referred to as technocratic visions) and microprocesses of narrating and organizing in two different contexts: the public sector (health care) and the private sector (manufacturing) in Sweden. The purpose is to provide a better understanding of what happens when models of this type are introduced into a work organization

Popular Abstract in Swedish Avhandlingens syfte är att genom en empirisk undersökning öka förståelsen av tidigt föräldraskap till barn med Downs syndrom. Jag utgår ifrån föräldrarnas livsvärld och utvecklar ett medföljande arbetssätt. Tio familjer med nyfödda barn med Downs syndrom följs genom regelbundna hembesök under det första året med barnet. Tillsammans med en medarbetare samtalar jag med föThe purpose of this dissertation was to increase - through an empirical investigation - our understanding of early parenthood in relation to children with Down syndrome. My point of departure has been the parents’ life-worlds, and I have developed an accompanying working method. Ten families with newborn infants with Down syndrome were followed through regular home visits during the first year of

Milk is a dilute aqueous dispersion with a complex mixture of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Milk membrane lipids are a part of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which covers the fat globules. During dairy processing membrane material is released and surface structure features are altered. The presence of free membrane material as well as various surfaces might influence

At the end of the eighteenth century, Edward Gibbon described the antiquarian scholars of previous generations as men of “profound learning and easy faith.” His exemplar was the Swedish polymath Olof Rudbeck, who in a series of frantic and combative tomes sought to portray Sweden as the model for Plato’s Atlantis and the seething cultural cauldron from which Western civilization had emerged. A Pil