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Since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations the pattern of conflict in the international arena has drastically changed. From largely being a scene for inter-state conflicts, internal conflicts have predominated the post-war era. The few international conflicts that the post-war world has witnessed have originated in civil conflicts. The principle of non-intervention implies the duty fo
The national courts of the Member States in the European Community are obliged to apply the Community law when it is relevant to the case before them. This obligation arises out of the co-operation principle laid down in Article 5 of the EC Treaty. When a national court is to apply a Community provision, and finds itself in doubt about how the provision is to be interpreted, or applied, that court
Popular Abstract in Swedish Ta ett djupt andetag och tänk på vad du nu har i lungorna! Jo, det är luft, förstås, syre kväve och sådant. Men det är också något annat. I varje kubikcentimeter du andas in finns tusentals partiklar, alla för små för att kunna ses med blotta ögat. Om dessa partiklar handlar denna avhandling. Vi kallar luftburna partiklar för aerosoler, ett begrepp som innefattar allt Airborne particles are everywhere around us, and have always been. Particles generated by human activities has increased drastically since industrialization, and several epidemiological studies have shown that inhaled particles can cause adverse health effects. The concern about health effects have during the last decade shifted towards fine and ultrafine particles, not least due to the emerging f
Popular Abstract in Swedish Vår värld drivs av förbränning. Från den lilla elden som används vid matlagning till gigantiska gasturbiner och kolkraftverk som genererar en stor del av all elektricitet. Dessutom så drivs nästan alla fordon av förbränningsmotorer. Det har uppskattats att över nittio procent av alla energi vi i världen omvandlar kommer från förbränning i någon form. Det är således ganHigh repetition rate laser diagnostics has proven to be a useful tool for studying combustion phenomena. Laser techniques are, in general, relatively non-intrusive and have the potential to measure specific species at very low concentrations and with extremely high temporal resolution. However, most laser systems in this field of research are limited to repetition rates below 100 Hz, and are thus
Popular Abstract in Swedish Svenska Pommerns historia är en del av den svenska historien. Mellan 1648 och 1815 hörde den tyska Östersjöprovinsen till det svenska väldet. Denna avhandling skildrar människorna och deras syn på Sverige under de sista hundra åren av svensk tillhörighet mellan 1720 och 1815. Hur påverkades provinsens invånare av att å ena sidan räkna sig till den tyska kulturen och å aBetween 1648 and 1815, Swedish-Pomerania, at the Baltic shore, belonged to the crown of Sweden. It was both a part of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation and the Swedish realm. The port town of Stralsund played a key roll in the Swedish economy at the Baltic Sea, whereas the university town of Greifswald was the intellectual centre. On a cultural level, this situation opened up for a double ins
Popular Abstract in Swedish För att öka förståelsen för hur ljud sprider sig och strålar från byggnadskonstruktioner utförda i lättbyggnadsteknik så behövs teoretiska beräkningsmodeller. Sådana modeller presenteras i avhandlingen. Med lättbyggnadsteknik avses konstruktioner som inte är massiva, exempelvis väggar och bjälklag bestående av trä- eller stålreglar/bjälkar. Stegljudet, det vill säga det
Accuracy levels of metres per second require the fundamental concept of``radial velocity'' for stars and other distant objects to be examined,both as a physical velocity, and as measured by spectroscopic andastrometric techniques. Already in a classical (non-relativistic)framework the line-of-sight velocity component is an ambiguous concept,depending on whether, e.g., the time of light emission (a
Popular Abstract in Swedish 1100-talet var en mycket dynamisk och händelserik tid i dansk historia. Under detta århundrade ägde en rad samhällsförändringar rum som kom att påverka de allra flesta. På landsbygden samlades bebyggelsen i byar samtidigt som jordbruket rationaliserades och naturresurserna utnyttjades mer storskaligt. I städerna utvecklades penningekonomin och en mångfacetterad varuprodThe Early Middle Ages, comprising the period ca. 1000-1250, is usually described as a dynamic and eventful time, when many spheres of society underwent radical changes. The aim of this dissertation is to link these processes together in an overall holistic description of medieval society. The intention is thus to provide a "total historical" account of early medieval Denmark by means of a broad in
This dissertation deals with techniques for designing integrated amplifiers with high linearity. Amplifiers with operating frequencies from Audio to RF have been built. An enhanced feedback configuration, capable of very low distortion, is presented. Also presented is a statistical method for relating the distortion of a wideband signal to the total harmonic distortion (THD) of a single tone. Two
Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna avhandling undersöker dagvatten som en resurs i svensk urban miljö. Fokus har varit öppna dagvattensystem för flödeskontroll och uppsamlingssystem för regnvatten. För att analysera realiserandet av öppna dagvattensystem, presenteras två fallstudier; Augustenborg i Malmö och Bäckaslöv våtmark i Växjö. De kvarhållande och fördröjande effekterna som uppnås med gröna This thesis investigates the beneficial use of stormwater in Swedish urban environments. The focus has been on open stormwater systems for source control, as well as rainwater collection systems. To analyse the implementation of open stormwater systems, two case studies are presented: Augustenborg in Malmö and Bäckaslöv wetland in Växjö. The retention and detention effects of green-roofs have been
The molecular process under which message in DNA is relayed onto RNA is called transcription, and it accomplished through involvement of so-called transcription factors. Zinc finger proteins are one of the most abundant classes of regulatory proteins in eukaryotic cells where they play central roles in a variety of cellular activities. A classical zinc finger is a small protein motif with a simple
This thesis describes the design and characterisation of a vacuum ultraviolet scanning photoelectron microscope as well as results from studies of laterally inhomogeneous surfaces. The instrument utilises synchrotron radiation from an undulator at the 550 MeV storage ring at the MAX-laboratory. The beamline is comprised of a plane-grating monochromator with a Kirkpatrick-Baez objective and a graz
The setting for this study is Swedish film culture of the 1920s, which has been studied with a focus on representations of masculinity and gender relations according to four themes: 1) children and youth 2) fatherhood and love 3) sexuality and popularity 4) ethnicity and racial stereotyping. The rise of new consumer culture in the first decades of the 20th century created turmoil between traditi
Transforming growth factor-§ (TGF-§) is a potent, multifunctional growth factor affecting virtually all cell types, regulating critical physiological processes like immune response, wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor development. A large number of studies in vitro have also implicated a critical role of TGF-§ in regulating hematopoiesis by inhibiting proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (
Nucleotide metabolism and replication of nucleic acids are processes of fundamental importance. A crucial enzyme in nucleotide metabolism is dUTPase (E.C. 3.6.1.23), that catalyses the hydrolysis of dUTP to dUMP and pyrophosphate. The activity of the enzyme has influence on the outcome of DNA replication and complete loss of enzyme activity is lethal, while a decreased activity promotes increased
Popular Abstract in Swedish Antikroppar är viktiga beståndsdelar av det naturliga immunförsvaret som skyddar oss mot smittämnen, såsom bakterier och virus. Utvecklingen av olika genetiska och biokemiska teknologier har dessutom möjliggjort användningen av antikroppar för en mängd ändmål, bl a för diagnostik och behandling av infektionssjukdomar och cancer. I denna avhandling, som bygger på fem vetAntibodies are key players of the immune system in higher vertebrates, which provide a defense against potentially lethal threats from the environment. Besides their importance in the immune defense, antibodies have a great potential as reagents in biological chemistry and diagnostics, and as therapeutic agents against both infectious diseases and cancer. Despite tremendous advances in all fields
The Öresund Region is a transnational region encompassing areas of southern Sweden (Skåne) and southeast Denmark (Sjælland and Hovedstaden). The Energi Öresund project seeks to offer strategic and cooperative energy planning for the region as a whole in order to meet the energy goals of Sweden, Denmark, and its constituent local municipalities. The project is funded by EU INTERREG IV, a European U
Two-photon-induced Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing, DFWM, was applied for the first time to the detection of CO, and NH3 molecules. Measurements were performed in a cell, and in atmospheric-pressure flames. In the cell measurements, the signal dependence on the pressure and on the laser beam intensity was studied. The possibility of simultaneous detection of NH3 and OH was investigated. Carbon monoxid
Popular Abstract in Swedish POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING PÅ SVENSKA Vår arvsmassa finn's lagrad som linjära dubbelsträngade DNA-molekyler, kromosomer, i våra celler. Celler i vävnader och organ förnya's ständigt genom celldelning. Kromosomerna i en cell måste replikera's för att kunna ge upphov till två nya celler. Replikeringsmaskineriet har bara förmågan att arbeta i en riktning läng's meABSTRACT Telomerase activity is a potential molecular marker for cancer and primitive cells in regenerative tissues. The most commonly used method to measure telomerase activity in cells is the telomerase reverse amplification protocol (TRAP) assay, where the protein extracts derived from homogenized cells are analysed. In this thesis we focused on developing a method where telomerase activity co
The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate nature of adsorption of amphiphiles to the solid–liquid interface. The surface aggregate structures of the zwitterionic surfactant dodecyldimethylammoniopropanesulfonate, (DDAPS) and a series of nonionic polyoxyethlylene glycol alkyl ethers (C10E5, C12E5, C12E8, C10E6, C14E6 and C16E6) have been determined by Atomic Force Microscopy o
