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Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is the most frequently used biodegradable polymer in the controlled release of encapsulated drugs. Understanding the release mechanisms, as well as which factors that affect drug release, is important in order to be able to modify drug release. Drug release from PLGA-based drug delivery systems is however complex. This review focuses on release mechanisms,

Many ICU-patients have memory-gaps which may affect their recovery. A tool in the recovery can be an ICU-diary to explain and clarify thoughts and events from the ICU-period. There are different standards for the content in the ICU-diary. The aim of this study was to identify the preferred content and usefulness of an ICU-diary as described by ICU-patients. METHOD: A descriptive, exploratory co

Since the tax reform of 1990 the Swedish tax system separates earned income and capital income. On earned income such as "income from business" taxes and fees leads to a total margin tax burden that vary between 45 and 75 %. This margin effect can be compared to the 30 % proportional income tax on capital income. The allocation of income to earned income or capital income is therefore an important

Recent developments in the field of genetic divergence and speciation focus more on diversifying processes than on geographic mode of speciation (i.e. allopatric versus sympatric). Some of these new theories concern speciation driven by conflicts between the sexes. Even though it is well known that the two reproductive functions in plants can have different selective optima, sexual selection in pl

The separate treatment of sludge liquor, produced by dewatering anaerobic digested sludge at wastewater treatment plants, gives rise to extreme environments for nitrogen removal. A full-scale sequencing batch reactor was operated with the aim of introducing and studying denitritation as a supplement to nitritation in order to reduce operating costs. Since the main plant only has problems with ammo

Global extinction of a species is sadly irreversible. At a local scale, however, extinctions may be followed by re-invasion. We here show that this is not necessarily the case and that an ecological community may close its doors for re-invasion of species lost from it. Previous studies of how communities are assembled have shown that there may be rules for that process and that limitations are set

Hydrologists are often faced with the problem of missing values in a precipitation-runoff process database to construct runoff prediction models. They tend to use simple and naive methods to deal with the problem of missing data. Thus far, the common practice has been to discard observations with missing values. In this paper, we present some statistically principled methods for gap filling and di

The aim of the present work is to describe the semantics and the discursive functions from a general cognitivist point of view of the usage of the Present Perfect in the spoken Spanish of Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is argued that cross-linguistic values that prevailing theories often ascribe to perfect, such as continuity, current relevance and recency to the speech time –ST– do not offer a c

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are rapidly becoming a de facto standard in business activity. While large and medium-sized companies have the luxury to afford proprietary ERP solutions, small companies are struggling with resource poverty which maybe makes them consider available open source ERP products which are free from licensing fee. However, there is little knowledge available on

Dishwashers are used in central hospital kitchens and ward kitchens to provide clean crockery. Soil recipes based on international standards were tested in order to evaluate the performance of a general dishwasher. In normal use of dishwashers, adherent soils are left on the crockery before cleaning. Different adherent soils, both with and without bacterial. contamination, were used to show the ef

The irritation response of the rabbit eye to trigeminal nerve stimulation, which includes a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB), seems to be due to the release of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In order to assess the relative importance of these two peptides for the barrier effect, and the role of arachidonic acid metabolites (AAM) in the response, we have st

The current ambition to enlarge the European Union (EU) from fifteen to twenty-seven member states has brought to the fore questions about European integration and its overarching aim. On 7 June, 2001, the Irish people decided not to ratify the Nice Treaty. However, the Irish 'no' was not considered to be an expression of political resentment that could impinge on further development of European i

One reason for the relatively small number of real-world applications of simulation in software engineering is the existing lack of guidance in creating and formulating the related models and in the isolated usage of associated techniques. In order to support both strategic and project management in software organizations, a methodology for integrated measurement, modelling and simulation (IMMoS)

Purpose of this paper The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for describing and analyzing misalignments in supply chain management related to changes in supply chain structures, processes, and management components. Design/methodology/approach Based on the systems approach, a single-case study including several embedded cases from the same supply chain was deployed. This was done acc

Predictability is a key function of law. When the application of law goes from being flexible to becoming unpredictable this key function is lost. This article shows how legal application can deviate from formal agreements and law, how legal predictability experiences a setback when other forces or values affect the decision making that is supposed to be strictly legally controlled. Non-legally ac

Generalized frequency division multiplexing is a non-orthogonal, digital multicarrier transmission scheme with attractive features that address the requirements of emerging applications of wireless communications systems in areas like cognitive radio and machine-to-machine communication. In this paper, first a linear system description is obtained for the transmitter by ordering data in a time-fre

Using classical design optimization methods for implant-bone studies does not completely guarantee a safety and satisfactory performance, due in part to the randomness of bone properties and loading. Here, the material properties of the different bone layers are considered as uncertain parameters. So their corresponding yield stress values will not be deterministic, that leads to integrate variabl

”Vårt samhälle blir alltmer sårbart” är säkert en formulering du känner igen. Faktum är att vårt samhälle är fullt av risker, stora som små, och för att minska dessa gör varje kommun en risk- och sårbarhetsanalys. Analysen ska bland annat hjälpa politiker att ta beslut om åtgärder som kan minska samhällets risker och i denna artikel ställer vi oss frågan om detta faktiskt händer? Risk definieras i

Inom bilindustrin utvecklas kontinuerligt nya sätt att förbättra kvalitén, säkerheten och komforten i de bilarna man producerar, speciellt inom den avancerade kategori bilar som Volvo Car Corporation (VCC) framställer. Detta har lett till att man i allt större grad använder sig av lim, eller fästmedel, av så kallade polymerer som visat sig vara mycket användbara för att dämpa ljud och vibrationer.The occurrence of deformations on the surface of adhesively-bonded automotive body panels in proximity to the application of the polymer adhesive is called bond-line read-through (BLRT) and occurs due to process-induced differential thermal strains between the adhesive layer and metal substrate. This type of deformation is a major problem in the automotive industry and one Volvo Car Corporation, w

The principle of prohibition of abuse of EU law has developed throughout a variety of areas of EU law, but has for the last few years most specifically evolved into an overriding principle through the field of EU VAT. The questions that have arisen along the lines of the Court’s interpretation mainly assess the relation with legal certainty and the division of powers. When looking at the cases of