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The current use of a 30 million year dateline for accepting genera in the Parmeliaceae is evaluated. Its value is doubtful since evolution obviously went quicker in some lichen groups compared with others. Parallel evolution is also very common among lichens. Polyphyletic genera should always be split, while sister groups may remain split or be combined after considering non-molecular characters.

Silicon pixel detectors are at the core of the current and planned upgrade of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Given their close proximity to the interaction point, these detectors will be exposed to an unprecedented amount of radiation over their lifetime. The current pixel detector will receive damage from non-ionizing radiation in excess of 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2, while the pixel detector designed

Hybrid-processes combining pervaporation with a conventional separation process to recover organic compounds from waste water has been critically reviewed. Previous research which focused primarily on hydrophobic pervaporation combined with either adsorption, liquid-liquid phase separation, or reverse osmosis showed that these processes offered significant advantages over the exclusive use of just

Context.Gaia's third data release provides radial velocities for 33 million stars and spectroscopically derived atmospheric parameters for more than 5 million targets. When combined with the astrometric data, these allow us to derive orbital and stellar parameters that are key to understanding the stellar populations of the Milky Way and to perform Galactic archaeology. Aims. We used the calibrate

Popular Abstract in Swedish The phenol oxidase “laccase” was first described towards the end of the 19th century from the wound sap of the lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera. However, its use in one of the oldest biotechnologies, i.e. the making of lacquerware in East-Asia, dates back to 5000-6000 BC. The enzyme has the widest distribution in nature among the multicopper oxidases. It catalyzes one elecLaccase, the phenol oxidizing enzyme, was first described towards the end of the 19th century from the wound sap of the lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera. The enzyme has the widest distribution in nature among the multicopper oxidases. It catalyzes single electron transfer oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen producing water as by-product. Based on these highly desired mild oxidising conditio

Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna avhandling är en studie av en grupp cypriska stenskulpturer som ställdes upp som votivgåvor i öns tempel och helgedomar under 500-talet f.Kr. Det som utmärker gruppen är att de bär cypriska versioner av karakteristisk egyptisk klädedräkt och smycken. För att kunna svara på frågor som varför denna egyptiserande votivtyp dedicerades på ön, varifrån impulserna kom ocThis thesis is a study of a particular limestone votive statuary type which was dedicated in the sanctuaries on Cyprus during the entire 6th century B.C. Common to the group of figures is that they are wearing a Cypriote version of an Egyptian-type outfit, including characteristic Egyptian royal headgear and jewelry. In order to be able to answer questions on the origin of the Egyptianizing iconog

This thesis is divided into two distinct parts. The first part contains three chapters dealing with the analysis of duration data from an econometric perspective and with application to trade durations. The second part, consisting of the final chapter, focuses on the analysis of panel data and proposes a new test for poolability of the slope coefficients in cointegrated panel regressions. Chapter

Consumers are pushing for higher data rates to support more services that are introduced in mobile applications. As an example, a few years ago video-on-demand was only accessed through landlines, but today wireless devices are frequently used to stream video. To support this, more flexible network solutions have merged in 4G, introducing new technical problems to the mobile terminal. New techniqu

Mitochondria were isolated from fresh beetroots (Beta vulgaris L. cvs Rubria and Nina) by differential centrifugation followed by Percoll gradient centrifugation. These purified mitochondria oxidized external NADH, although relatively slowly (20-40 versus 100-120 nanomoles oxygen per minute times milligram protein for NADH and succinate oxidation, respectively), with respiratory control ratios of

Abstract This study attempts to understand what problem Isa 53 addresses and seeks to answer. The question is asked as an historical question and it is argued that Isa 53 address a specific historical problem, arising out of the conflicts created after the return of those who had gone into exile. At the end of the exile, there was hope that the deported people would return to the land, that the l

From the half-angle substitution of trigonometric terms in the Ernst equation, rational approximations of the flip angle dependence of the FLASH signal can be derived. Even the rational function of the lowest order was in good agreement with the experiment for flip angles up to 20°. Three-dimensional maps of the signal amplitude and longitudinal relaxation rates in human brain were obtained from e

The effect of reaction parameters on lipase-mediated chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of linoleic acid was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide was found to have the most significant effect on the reaction rate and degree of epoxidation. Excess of hydrogen peroxide with respect to the amount of double bonds was necessary in order to yield total conversion within a short time period, as well as at temperatur

Attention is drawn to the feasibility of using high sensitivity isothermal heat conduction calorimetry to study metabolic responses of differently processed and stored fresh-cut fruit. The heat production of endogenous (tissue metabolism during 12 h of analysis at 10 degrees C for kiwifruit and strawberry) and exogenous (microbial growth during 18 d of analysis at 10 degrees C for cantaloupe) biol

Objectives: The aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 Tesla (T) and 3 T in patients with clinically suspected injury of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) or the scapholunate ligament (SLL) using wrist arthroscopy as a reference standard. Methods: Twenty-four patients scheduled for wrist arthroscopy due to suspected TFCC or SLL injury were ex

Parallel-elastic joints can improve the efficiency and strength of robots by assisting the actuators with additional torques. For these benefits to be realized, a spring needs to be carefully designed. However, designing robots is an iterative and tedious process, often relying on intuition and heuristics. We introduce a design optimization framework that allows us to co-optimize a parallel elasti

This thesis is trying to identify and give solutions for the problems occurring in polyurethane sport surfaces in Iraq where the climate is extremely warm and dusty. One of the most important problems (called the ‘maintenance’ problem) is that the polyurethane sport surface looks very dirty because of the dust, a couple of weeks after installation of the surface the dust particles penetrates the s

Context. Young open clusters (ages of less than 200 Myr) have been observed to exhibit several peculiarities in their chemical compositions. These anomalies include a slightly sub-solar iron content, super-solar abundances of some atomic species (e.g. ionised chromium), and atypical enhancements of [Ba/Fe], with values up to ~0.7 dex. Regarding the behaviour of the other s-process elements like yt

The conversion of technical lignin into valuable chemicals is important for the complete utilization of lignocellulose. The kraft process dominates the pulp industry, and large amounts of kraft lignin are produced worldwide. However, the complexity of lignin limits its valorization. In this study, a kraft lignin, Indulin AT, was depolymerized under base conditions, and the effects of substrate loa