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2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric acid (BHMB) is an important multifunctional chemical for the emerging bio-based polymer industry. It can be produced from trimethylolpropane (TMP) by selective oxidation using growing cells of Corynebacterium sp. ATCC 21245. However, this process is limited by the low volumetric productivity and low concentration of the final product. In the present study, we performe

Silicon isotope ratios (expressed as δ30Si) in marine microfossils can provide insights into silica cycling over geologic time. Here we used δ30Si of sponge spicules and radiolarian tests from the Paleogene Equatorial Transect (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 199) spanning the Eocene and Oligocene (~50-23 Ma) to reconstruct dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations in deep waters and to examine upper ocean

Due to the scarcity of reliable palaeoecological and climatic proxy records from the Eastern Baltic covering the Holocene, there has been increased interest for multi-proxy studies in the region to detect local to regional environmental changes. The Čepkeliai wetland complex, SE Lithuania, provides an uninterrupted Holocene sediment sequence, which is used here to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental h

This article tests for wage discrimination in US manufacturing during the nineteenth century and in 2002 by estimating the female-to-male productivity ratio and comparing it to the wage ratio. This method will not identify all forms of discrimination, but will determine whether women were paid wages commensurate with their productivity. There was no significant difference between the wage ratio an

A 128kb ultra-low voltage SRAM, based on a leakage optimized single-WELL 7T bitcell in 28 nm FD–SOI technology is presented. An ideal power management scenario in a single supply system is achieved by permanently keeping the storage elements in the vicinity of the retention voltage. Performance and reliability is regained by boosting the voltage on critical nodes. The cost of voltage boost generat

For most companies, innovation is a top managerial priority. Business executives look at successful innovators such as Apple and Google with envy, wishing their companies could be half as innovative. To boost and benchmark innovation, managers often use quantitative performance indicators, but they struggle with identifying the right metric. Yet, our research suggests that the key managerial chall

We introduce a unified ensemble for turbo-like codes (TCs) that contains the four main classes of TCs: parallel con- catenated codes, serially concatenated codes, hybrid concatenated codes, and braided convolutional codes. We show that for each of the original classes of TCs, it is possible to find an equivalent ensemble by proper selection of the design parameters in the unified ensemble. We also