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This article argues that, as individuals are already applying for refugee status in the context of disasters and climate change, a robust understanding of why disasters happen and how different groups are affected, combined with a principled methodology for determining such claims, are critical aspects of the anxious scrutiny that each claim should receive. The limitations of the “hazards” paradigThis article argues that, as individuals are already applying for refugee status in the context of disasters and climate change, a robust understanding of why disasters happen and how different groups are affected, combined with a principled methodology for determining such claims, are critical aspects of the anxious scrutiny that each claim should receive. The limitations of the “hazards” paradig

We have studied the ability of divalent cations to restore to normal axonal transport (AXT) which was inhibited by deprivation of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions. The epi- and perineurium of the frog sciatic nerve were damaged by a 30-s wash in Triton X-100 containing frog Ringer's. This treatment did not affect either AXT or nerve levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+, but made the ions more easily extractable with a Ca

N‐a‐p‐Tosyl‐L‐Lysine Chloromethyl Ketone (TLCK), a protease inhibitor, was found to irreversibly inhibit rapid axonal transport of protein in vitro in the frog sciatic nerve. TLCK exerted its action at the axonal level and seemed to depress the rate rather than the amount of transported protein. The efficiency of TLCK as a protease inhibitor was demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,

Abstract: erythro‐9‐[3‐(2‐Hydroxynonyl)]adenine, an inhibitor of protein carboxylmethylation and dynein‐ATPase activity, inhibited fast axonal transport in vitro in frog sciatic nerves. Its site of action might be associated with an ATPase on which transport depends, since specific carboxylmethylation inhibitors lacked effects on transport. The levels of high energy phosphates and protein synthesi

Protease activity was studied in the frog sciatic nerve. The activity was measured as the release of TCA-soluble radioactivity from either 3H-labelled proteins transported by rapid axonal transport (AXT) or 3H-labelled ganglionic proteins. In nerve homogenates containing transported substrates, protease activity exhibited two peaks, one around pH 5 and one around pH 8. Ca2+ at 100 μM or higher con

Estramustine phosphate (0.01 to 0.5 nriM), an estradiol mustard derivative used in the therapy of prostatic carcinoma, inhibited the assembly of brain microtubule proteins in vitro and disassembled preformed microtubules. In the presence of estramustine phosphate, the minimum microtubule-protein concentration sufficient for the assembly of microtubules was increased. Low concentrations of taxoi (2

Gossypol at micromolar concentrations (2 μM) was found to inhibit axonal transport and a microsomal ATPase activity in the frog sciatic nerve, although axonal microtubules and the neuronal content of AMP, ADP and ATP were not affected. At slightly higher concentrations (30-40 μM), gossypol also inhibited microtubule assembly and neuronal energy metabolism. Gossypol accumulated in the nerve and the

Abstract: : Calmodulin‐binding proteins (CBPs) in the rabbit vagus nerve were studied by means of calmodulin‐Sepha‐rose affinity chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The soluble fraction (105g supernatant) of a nerve homogenate contained four CBPs with molecular weights of 44, 55, 91, and 93 kD, respectively. Slowly transported proteins were recovered in the vagus 3 days after in

The effects of trifluoperazine (TFP) on fast and slow axonal transport (AXT) of labeled proteins were examined in the rabbit vagus nerve. Cuffs soaked in a 10 mM, but not 0.1 mM or 1 mM, concentration of TFP applied locally around the vagus nerve in vivo blocked both fast and slow AXT, as measured by the accumulation of 3H‐labeled proteins. In vitro, fast AXT was affected by 0.1 mM TFP. The TFP cu

The outgrowth region of the regenerating frog sciatic nerve shows an increased permeability for various drugs, which has been utilized for pharmacological studies of axonal transport. Six days after a bilateral crush lesion, the nerves, including the spinal ganglia, were incubated in a compartmented chamber. Orthograde transport was assessed from the proximodistal distribution and the accumulation

Background: Familial prostate cancer risk estimates are inflated by clinically insignificant low-risk cancer, diagnosed after prostate-specific antigen testing. We provide age-specific probabilities of non-low- and high-risk prostate cancer. Methods: Fifty-one thousand, eight hundred ninety-seven brothers of 32 807 men with prostate cancer were identified in Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaS

Peripheral nerve regeneration was studied in female Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency. Nerve regeneration was provoked by a crush lesion on the sciatic nerve 21 days after the streptozotocin injection. The regeneration was assessed by a pinch test at different time-points after injury. The rate ofregeneration in insulin-deficient animals, 2.5 mm/day, was significan

Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes have a decreased rate of sciatic nerve regeneration. We studied the effects on this defect of treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor, ponalrestat (25 mg/kg per day via an endogastric tube). The nerves of diabetic rats were crush-injured at 5 weeks of diabetes and regeneration evaluated 7 days later with the pinch-reflex test. Ponalrestat treatment w